14

Question 1

How many cells are in our body?

Answer 1

37 Trillion

Question 2

how many different cell types are in our body?

Answer 2

210

Question 3

What are two diff microscopes that can be used with their magnification?

Answer 3

Light microscopy (2,000x)

Electron microscopy (>500,000 x)

Question 4

What are the two main types of imaging techniques for cells?

Answer 4

Immunocytochemistry: using antibodies to pick up proteins in cell.

Immunohistochemistry: Using antibodies to identify cell structures within whole tissue cells

Question 5

What are the two main forms of chromatins? and their characteristics?

Answer 5

Euchromatin: loosely packed so electron light so doesn’t show well on electron microscope –> transcribed

Heterochromatin: tightly packed electron dense so shows well on electron microscope

Question 6

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 6

The nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA, also known as rRNA. It then sends the subunits out to the rest of the cell where they combine into complete ribosomes.

Question 7

What diseases are linked with failure in structure of nucleus

Answer 7

Laminopathies ( Emery Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome)

Question 8

What disease is linked with problems in the RER

Answer 8

Cystic fibrosis. CFTR synthesis happens in RER. CFTR protein is misfiled in the RER –> not translocated to PM.

Question 9

What is the function of the smooth ER

Answer 9

Makes (Synthesis of) lipids and carbohydrates
Storage site for calcium (in muscle par example)
Detoxification- ER enzymes detoxify absorbed drugs toxins (liver and kidney have hgiher number of smooth than rough ER)

Question 10

What is the difference between exocytosis an secretory vesicles

Answer 10

Exocytosis is constitutive secretion (not regulated by cell signalling)
e.g. Extra cellular matrix proteins by fibroblasts

Secretory vesicles-regulated by cellular signals e.g. Insulin-b cells in islets of Langerhans

Question 11

What diseases are linked with lysosomal storage deficiencies=

Answer 11

Tay Sachs. Failure to break down gangliosides (lipids) so cell is clogged up –> dysfunctional.

Question 12

Lysosomes function

Answer 12

Originate at Golgi
Contain digestive enzymes
Defense against disease (bacteria engulfed by macrophage are then taken up by lysosomes
Autophagy-cleanup of cell organelles (bc organelles have limited life expectancy)
Autolysis after cell death

Question 13

Peroxisome function

Answer 13

originate at rough ER
metabolism of fatty acids (lipids)
detoxifying (contains enzymes that break down free radicals from normal metabolic processes, H2O2, alcohol)
Liver and Kidney

Question 14

What diseases are linked to peroxisome deficiencies?

Answer 14

Leukodystrophies (Zellweger syndrome –> accumulate high levels of long chain fatty acids

Question 15

What are some mitochondrial diseases

Answer 15

mitochondrial myopathies

Question 16

What are the 3 key types of skeletal components of the cell with their sizes

Answer 16

Microfilament (3-6 nM)
Intermediate filaments (10 nM)
Microtubules (20-25 nM)

Question 17

What are some diseases linked with gamma actin mutation

Answer 17

congenital deafness

Question 18

What are some diseases linked with muscle actin mutation

Answer 18

myopathies

Question 19

What are some diseases linked with intermediate filament mutation

Answer 19

EB, laminopathies

Question 20

characteristics of Microtubules

Answer 20

cell scaffold
tracks for movement of cell organelles and vesicles (motors)
mitotic spindle fibres
cilia and flagella – locomotion
Drug targets - eg taxane anti- cancer drugs, stop cell division

Question 21

characteristics of microfilaments

Answer 21

actin proteins polymerize in all cells-cell movement
cell cytoskeleton – control cell shape (stress fibers)
cell movements with myosin (e.g. cytokinesis)
cell organelle and vesicle transport
Actin can polymerize with myosin to allow cell movement and migration
Actin filaments act as highways in the cell for organelles and vesicles
alpha actin thin filaments with myosin in muscle movement
Actin filaments are important for cell division. At cytokinesis, actin ring forms around the cell to constrict the two daughter cells.

Question 22

characteristics of intermediate filaments

Answer 22

Intermediate filaments, 10 nm, e.g. keratins in skin and hair, neurofilaments, lamins in nuclear envelope, muscle desmin
Intermediate in size between microfilaments (3-6 nM) & Microtubules (20-25nM)
Main role is to provide cell with tensile strength
Diseases e.g. keratin mutations in congenital epidermal blistering diseases – e.g. Epidermalysis Bullosa, Laminopathies