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1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a tissue?

A

aggregates of cells organized to perform specific functions, through a distinctive pattern of organization.

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2
Q

What are the 4 major types of tissues?

A

Epithelial
connective
skeletal
nervous

think ?nose” mais le o is for C

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3
Q

Which tissues are classified based on their morphology?

A

Epithelial
Connective

think the two in nose that are not next to each other. or think CE morphologie

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4
Q

Which tissues are classified based on their function?

A

skeletal

nervous

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5
Q

What are epithelial tissues derived from?

A

Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm,

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6
Q

What is glandular metaplasia? and give an example

A

Change in the nature of a tissue where irritated tissue converts to a glandular form

squamous epithelial cells –> glandular epithelial cells

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7
Q

roles of epithelium

A

Protection (Skin)
Absorption (small and large intestine)
Material transport at the surface by cilia in the RT
Gas exchange (lung alveolus and capillaries)
Excretion (kidneys tubules)
Secretions (glands releasing enzymes in GIT)
Gliding between surfaces (mesothelium)

PAM GEG

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8
Q

What is the mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelia that lines the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium

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9
Q

What are the histological features of epithelial cells

A

1) Closely packed cells join by junctions.
2) They have a free surface as they cover body surfaces and cavities
3) They are avascular (nutrients are delivered by diffusion)
4) They are innervated
5) They are supported by a basement membrane (basal lamina + connective tissue= basement membrane), a non-cellular, protein-polysaccharide rich layer.

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10
Q

epithelial cells are described in terms of their morpholohgy. that is further divided into

A
  1. layer of cells (simple: one layer thick) or striated: multiple layers of cells)
  2. shape of the cells
    squamous
    cuboidal
    columnar
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11
Q

Where can you find pseudo stratified epithelium

A

in the RT

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12
Q

What are some special categories of cells and where are they found

A

pseudo stratified epithelium in trachea in RT

transitional epithelium or urothelium in urinary bladder in UT

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13
Q

Where can you find simple squamous epithelia

A

kidneys, endothelium…

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14
Q

What are epithelioid cells and give examples

A

Glandular epithelial cells that lack a free surface.

Ex: lutein cells of the ovaries, Leydig cells in the testes

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15
Q

What is the endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels

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16
Q

What is the endocardium

A

simple squamous epithelial lining of the ventricles and atria of the heart

17
Q

State what 3 different junctions exist between cells and rank them in order of strength

A

Tight junctions: seals adjacent cells together Ex: Zonula occludens

Anchoring junctions: Structural support of adjacemt cells Ex: zonula adherens, hemidesmosomes.

Gap junctions: create communication contacts between adjacent cells.

Strength of junctions Tight –> anchoring –> Gap

18
Q

What are three examples of apical domain structures and where are they commonly found

A

Stereocilia: inner ear and epididimis

microvili: intestine
cilia: trachea

19
Q

What is one difference and one similarity between microvilli and stereocilia

A

stereocilia is immotile
microvilli is has passive motility
cilia it depends

stereocili and microvilli are both supported by actin filaments
cilia is supported by microtubules.

20
Q

What are the different types of cilia that exist

A
  • Motile cilia: Can move using ATP
  • Primary cilia: Immotile cilia found in almost every cell. No active movement but can passively bend
  • Nodal cilia: found in the embryo
21
Q

What is the BM made of

A

Laminin and fibronectin (distinct proteins of the ECM) associate with collagens, proteoglycans + other proteins

22
Q

what are the two components of the BM

A
  • Basal lamina: sheet-like ECM in direct contact with epithelial cells (self-assembly of laminin with Collagen IV, entactin and proteoglycans).
  • Reticular lamina: supports the BL and is continuous with connective tissue (collagen fibres).
23
Q

What is the function of the BM

A

Covers the surface of muscle cells and contributes to maintaining the integrity of skeletal muscle fibers during contraction. (disruption to basal lamina-cell relationship –> muscular dystrophies)

Structural attachment of epithelial cells to underlying tissue in the kidney to perform filtration

Compartmentalization, tissue scaffolding during regeneration, regulation and signaling

24
Q

What is glandular epithelium

A

Epithelial tissue structures originated from invaginated epithelial cells.

It makes up the parenchyma of glandular organs (thyroid)

So glandular epithelium is a type of parenchymal cell

25
Q

Give and example of a stromal cell and an example of a parenchymal cell with identification of localisation its eh body

A

stromal cell: fibroblasts and pericytes in CT

parenchymal cells: glandular epithelium in the lungs

26
Q

If an exocrine gland secretes via 1 duct it is called a…

A

Simple exocrine gland

27
Q

If an exocrine gland secretes via 2 (+) duct it is called a…

A

Compound exocrine gland in a branched duct system

28
Q

What are the 5 types of simple exocrine glands

A 
simple tubular
simple coiled tubular
simple branched tubular
simple alveolar (acinar)
simple branched alveolar
29
Q

What are the three types of compound exocrine glands

A

Compound tubular
compound alveolar (acinar)
compound tubnuloalveolar

30
Q

what type of cells are sweat glands

A

stratified cuboidal

31
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

product secretion onto the surface directly or through epithelial ducts that are connected to the surface.

32
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

Lack a duct system. Products (hormones) are secreted into the connective tissue from where they enter the bloodstream.

33
Q

What are the 3 different types of secretions. explain

A
  • Merocrine/Eccrine secretion: product is delivered through exocytosis
  • Apocrine secretion: product is secreted via partial loss of the cell apical portion
  • Holocrine secretion: product is secreted through apoptosis.
34
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands

A

–Unicellular glands: secretion by a single cell, i.e. goblet cell (mucus secreting cells in small intestine and RT).

–Multicellular glands: more than one cells and can assume different structural organization.

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