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Biology Noor > 13.4 Respiration > Flashcards

13.4 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for respiration?

A

Word: Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

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2
Q

Glucose is not suitable as an immediate energy source in cells; the energy released is used to form ATP which is the immediate energy source. Why is glucose not used DIRECTLY?

A
  • Glucose is broken down in many steps.
  • Involves many specific enzymes.
  • If glucose is broken down in one step, too much heat energy is released, causing enzymes to denature.
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3
Q

The mitochondria in muscles contain many cristae. Explain the advantage of this.

A
  • Larger surface area for electron carrier system/ oxidative phosphorylation;
  • Provides more ATP/ energy for (muscle) contraction.
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4
Q

What are the two ways ATP can be generated?

A
  • Substrate-level phosphorylation
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
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5
Q

Explain substrate-level phosphorylation.

A

ATP is generated directly through energy released via respiration reactions. This occurs in glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.

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6
Q

Explain oxidative phosphorylation.

A

ATP generated from chemical energy released when reduced hydrogen carrier/co-enzyme (NADH2/FADH2) has been oxidised at the ETC.

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7
Q

What are the four main stages in aerobic respiration and where do they take place?

A
  • Glycolysis= cytoplasm/cytosol of cell (SLP)
  • Link Reaction= matrix of mitochondria
  • Krebs Cycle= matrix of mitochondria (SLP)
  • Electron Transport Chain= mitochondrial membranes (OP)
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8
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2x Pyruvate (3C)
  • 2x ATP net
  • 2x NADH
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9
Q

Explain glycolysis.

A
  1. Phosphorylation of glucose using hydrolysis of ATP.
  2. Splits into 2 Triose Phosphate
  3. Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate.
  4. Net gain of ATP.
  5. NAD reduced.
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10
Q

Describe how oxidation takes place in glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle.

A
  • removal of hydrogen/dehydrogenation;
  • by enzymes/dehydrogenases;
  • H accepted by NAD/reduced NAD formed;
  • in Krebs cycle, FAD (used as well);
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11
Q

What are the end products of the link reaction?

A
  • Acetyl coenzyme A
  • CO2
  • NADH2
    NO ATP PRODUCED
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12
Q

Explain the link reaction.

A
  1. Pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix.
  2. Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate and the hydrogen removed (with dehydrogenase) is used to reduce the hydrogen carrier NAD to form reduced NAD/ NADH2.
  3. A carbon dioxide molecule is also lost during this reaction (using decarboxylase)
  4. A coenzyme A molecule binds to acetate to produce acetyl coenzyme A.
    No ATP is directly produced in the link reaction.
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13
Q

Why is acetyl coenzyme A produced?

A

Coenzyme A is an important molecule that helps bind acetate to the 4C compound in the Krebs Cycles enzyme-controlled reactions.

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14
Q

Explain Krebs cycle.

A
  • 2C Acetyl coenzyme A combines with 4C molecule to form 6C compound.
  • 6C compound loses CO2 and Hydrogen to convert to a 4C compound.
  • NADH, FADH, and 1 ATP produced via substrate-level phosphorylation.
  • Cycle can now continue.
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15
Q

Explain how the amount of ATP is increased by reactions occurring inside a mitochondrion.

A
  • oxidation of/removal of electrons and H+
  • from pyruvate
  • acetyl CoA / 6 carbon compound; (credit oxidative decarboxylation)
  • substrate level production of ATP / ATP produced in Krebs cycle;
  • production of reduced NAD / FAD (allow they take up hydrogen);
  • in matrix of mitochondria;
  • electrons fed into electron transport chain / used in oxidative
  • (Electrons) pass along carriers/through electron transport chain/through series of redox reactions;
  • Energy released;
  • Protons move into intermembrane space;
  • ADP/ADP + Pi;
  • ATP synthase;
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16
Q

Water is a waste product of aerobic respiration. Describe how water is formed at the end of aerobic respiration.

A
  • oxygen is terminal/final electron acceptor;
  • combines with electrons and protons (to form water);
17
Q

Describe the events of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • Reduced NAD/FAD oxidised, losing hydrogen;
  • Electrons from H atom transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme/carrier to carrier (ETC on cristae of inner membrane)
  • Energy released (from electrons) through series of redox reactions;
  • Energy released used to pump H+/ protons into intermembrane space;
  • H+/ protons flow back through ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and phosphate.
  • Electrons and H+ recombine with O2 to form water;
  • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
18
Q

Give two reasons why the respirometer was left for 10 minutes when it was first placed in the water bath.

A
  • Equilibrium reached;
  • Allow for expansion/pressure change in apparatus;
  • Allow respiration rate of seeds to stabilise;
19
Q

Explain why a log scale is used to record the number of cells/bacteria.

A
  • Large range/difference/increase in numbers;
  • Accept reference to exponential (increase)
20
Q

Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of ATP by anaerobic respiration.

A
  • Regenerates NAD / Oxidises reduced NAD;
  • (So) glycolysis continues;
21
Q

Malonate inhibits a reaction in the Krebs cycle.

Explain why malonate would decrease the uptake of oxygen in a respiring cell.

A
  • Less/ No NADH
    OR
  • Fewer/ No hydrogens/electrons removed and passed through ETC.
  • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
22
Q

How to respirometers work as the plant or animal respires?

A
  1. Oxygen is used for aerobic respiration.
  2. Reduces the volume of oxygen in the chamber, reducing pressure.
  3. Solution of potassium hydroxide absorbs CO2 released by plant or animal.
  4. Ink in connecting tube moves from higher to lower pressure along graduated scale.
  5. Measure time taken.
23
Q

If respiration is aerobic in a plant or animal or bacteria…

A

WITH CO2 ABSORBER…
- CO2 absorbed
- Decrease in pressure
- Liquid moves TOWARDS organism.

WITHOUT CO2 ABSORBER…
- Equilibrium
- No Movement

24
Q

If respiration is anaerobic in plants or yeast or bacteria…

A

WITH CO2 ABSORBER…
- No O2 in
- CO2 absorbed
- Equilibrium
- No movement

WITHOUT CO2 ABSORBER…
- No oxygen used
- No CO2 absorbed
- Pressure increase
- Liquid moves AWAY from organism.

25
Q

If respiration is anaerobic in animals…

A

WITH CO2 ABSORBER…
- No CO2 absorbed
- No O2 uptake.
- Equillibrium
- No movement

WITHOUT CO2 ABSORBER…
- Equilibrium
- No movement.

26
Q

Products of anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Lactate (Lactic acid)
PYRUVATE REDUCED TO LACTATE

27
Q

Products of anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast.

A

Ethanol and CO2
PYRUVATE REDUCED INTO ETHANOL AND CO2

28
Q

How can glycerol and fatty acids be used as alternative respiratory substrates?

A
  • Lipids hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids.
  • Glycerol phosphorylated and converted to TP
  • Fatty acids break down into 2C components, converted into Acetyl coenzyme A.
  • Oxidation of fatty acids yields many H atoms to reduce NAD and FAD to be used as part of oxidative phosphorylation of ATP
29
Q

How can proteins be used as an alternative respiratory substance?

A
  • Proteins hydrolysed into amino acids
  • Amino groups removed (deamination)
  • Remaining CH(R)COOH group will enter respiration at different stages depending on how many C atoms.
    –> 3C into pyruvate (glycolysis/ link reaction)
    –> 4C and 5C into Krebs cycle intermediates
30
Q

What happens if oxygen does not remove H+ and electrons in ETC?

A
  • Would be a ‘back up’ of electrons along the ETC
  • Process of respiration (in the mitochondria) will come to a halt.

Biology Noor (30 decks)

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