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Biology Noor > 12.3 Nucleic Acids, ATP and Water > Flashcards

12.3 Nucleic Acids, ATP and Water Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleotide structure

A

Monomer of nucleic acid
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base
- Pentose (deoxy/ribose) sugar

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2
Q

DNA

A
  • Pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
  • 4 bases ATCG
  • Nucleotides link together via a condensation reaction to make a phosphodiester bond from 5’ to 3’ carbons
  • 2 poly nucleic chains are held together via weak hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairing
  • Double helical structure
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3
Q

Hydrogen bonds in A-T

A

TWO

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4
Q

Hydrogen bonds in C-G

A

THREE

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5
Q

Purine

A

A and G

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6
Q

Pyrimidine

A

C and T

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7
Q

RNA

A
  • Pentose sugar (ribose)
  • 4 bases AUCG
  • Short polynucleotide chain which is single-stranded
  • mRNA used to transfer genetic material to ribosomes
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8
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A
  1. Sugar-phosphate (backbone)/double stranded/helix so provides strength/stability /protects bases/protects hydrogen bonds;
  2. Long/large molecule so can store lots of information;
  3. Helix/coiled so compact;
  4. Base sequence allows information to be stored/ base sequence codes for amino acids/protein;
  5. Double stranded so replication can occur semi-conservatively/ strands can act as templates;
  6. Complementary base pairing / A-T and G-C so accurate replication/identical copies can be made;
  7. (Weak) hydrogen bonds for replication/ unzipping/strand separation;
  8. Many weak hydrogen bonds so stable/strong molecule;
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9
Q

Describe Semi-conservative replication.

A
  1. Strands separate / H-bonds break;
  2. DNA helicase (involved);
  3. Both strands/each strand act(s) as (a) template(s);
  4. (Free) nucleotides attach;
  5. Complementary/specific base pairing due to H bonds forming between bases/ Adenine to Thymine and GC;
  6. DNA polymerase joins nucleotides (on new strand) forming phoshodiester bonds by condensation;
  7. Semi-conservative replication / new DNA molecules contain one old strand and one new strand;
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10
Q

Describe the role of DNA polymerase in the semi-conservative replication of DNA.

A
  1. Joins (adjacent DNA) nucleotides;
  2. (Catalyses) condensation (reactions);
  3. (Catalyses formation of) phosphodiester bonds (between adjacent nucleotides);
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11
Q

Name the two scientists who proposed models of the chemical structure of DNA and of DNA replication.

A

Crick and Watson;

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12
Q

Give two features of DNA and explain how each one is important in the semi-conservative replication of DNA.

A
  1. Weak / easily broken hydrogen bonds between bases allow two strands to separate / unzip;
  2. Two strands, so both can act as templates;
  3. Complementary base pairing allows accurate replication;
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13
Q

ATP

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate
  • ADP + inorganic phosphate in a condensation reaction by the enzyme ATP synthase
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14
Q

ATP uses

A
  • Anabolic reactions (making complex molecules from small ones)
  • Active transport
  • Muscle contraction
  • Cell growth
  • Phosphorylation of molecules to lower Ea
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15
Q

ATP is an energy source used in many cell processes. Give two ways in which ATP is a suitable energy source for cells to use.

A
  1. Releases relatively small amount of energy/ little energy is lost as heat;
  2. Releases energy instantaneously;
  3. Phosphorylates other compounds, making them more reactive;
  4. Can be rapidly re-synthesised;
  5. Is not lost from/ does not leave cells;
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16
Q

Describe how an enzyme can be phosphorylated.

A
  • Attachment/association of (inorganic) phosphate (to the enzyme);
    1. (Released from) hydrolysis of ATP OR (Released from) ATP to ADP + Pi;
16
Q

Describe how an enzyme can be phosphorylated.

A
  • Attachment/association of (inorganic) phosphate (to the enzyme);
    1. (Released from) hydrolysis of ATP OR (Released from) ATP to ADP + Pi;
17
Q

Describe how ATP is resynthesized in cells (2)

A
  1. ADP + Pi
  2. By ATP synthase
  3. In respiration
18
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide derivative.
Contrast the structures of ATP and a nucleotide found in DNA to give TWO differences. (2)

A
  1. ATP has ribose and DNA nucleotide has deoxyribose
  2. ATP has 3 phosphate (groups) and DNA nucleotide has 1 phosphate (group);
  3. ATP- base always adenine and in DNA nucleotide base can be different varies;
19
Q

Explain five properties that make water important for organisms.

A
  1. A metabolite in condensation/hydrolysis/ photosynthesis/respiration;
  2. A solvent so (metabolic) reactions can occur OR A solvent so allowing transport of substances;
  3. High heat capacity so buffers changes in temperature;
  4. Large latent heat of vaporisation so provides a cooling effect (through evaporation);
  5. Cohesion (between water molecules) so supports columns of water (in plants);
  6. Cohesion (between water molecules) so produces surface tension supporting (small) organisms;
20
Q

Inorganic ions definition

A
  • Ions found in solution in the cytoplasm and body fluids of an organism
  • Each ion has its own role
21
Q

Hydrogen and Hydroxide (H+)(OH-)

A

Affects pH
H+ used in photosynthesis to provide energy to make ATP

22
Q

Iron (Fe2+)( Fe3+)

A

Structural component of haemoglobin to bind with O2

23
Q

Sodium (Na+)

A

Used in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids into epithelial cells
Changes the water potential

24
Q

Phophate (PO4 3-)

A

Components of phospholipids, DNA, RNA and ATP

25
Q

Describe the roles of iron ions, sodium ions, and phosphate ions in cells.

A

Iron ions
1. Haemoglobin binds/associates with oxygen OR Haemoglobin transports/loads oxygen;
Sodium ions
2. Co-transport of glucose/amino acids (into cells);
3. (Because) sodium moved out by active transport/Na – K pump;
4. Creates a sodium concentration/diffusion gradient;
5. Affects osmosis/water potential;
Phosphate ions
6. Affects osmosis/water potential;
7. Joins nucleotides/in phosphodiester bond/in backbone of DNA/RNA/in nucleotides;
8. Used in/to produce ATP;
9. Phosphorylates other compounds (usually) making them more reactive;
10. Hydrophilic/water soluble part of phospholipid bilayer/membrane

Biology Noor (30 decks)

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