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Biology Noor > 12.14 Biodiversity, Taxonomy and Classification > Flashcards

12.14 Biodiversity, Taxonomy and Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodiversity

A

The no. species + no. individuals of each species within any one community

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2
Q

Species richness

A

No. of different species in a community

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3
Q

Community

A

All the individuals of all the species living together in the same area at the same time

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4
Q

Species

A

Group of similar organisms / organisms with similar features / / organisms with same genes / chromosomes;
Reproduce to produce fertile offspring;

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5
Q

Genetic diversity

A
  • Difference in DNA
  • The number of different alleles of genes in a population
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6
Q

Niche

A

An organisms specific role in the community (how it interacts with other species, how it responds to the environment)

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7
Q

Habitat

A

A place where an organisms normally lives within an ecosystem

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8
Q

How to calculate the diversity index

Draw equation

A

d= N(N-1)/E n(n-1)
d= species diversity index
N= total no. organisms of all species
n= total no. organisms of each species
E= sum of

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9
Q

Explain why an index of diversity may be a more useful measure of biodiversity

A
  • Measures number of individuals in a species
  • Some species may be present in low/high numbers
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10
Q

Give 2 advantages of using an index of biodiversity rather than an indicator species

A
  • You do not need to identify each species
  • Considers the number of organisms of each species
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11
Q

Suggest one economic argument for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • Medical uses
  • Commercial products (must give examples)
  • Tourism
  • Agriculture
  • Saving local forest communities
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12
Q

Relationship between diversity and stability

A

The more DIVERSE an ecosystem the MORE STABLE that ecosystem is

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13
Q

How does farming affect diversity?

A
  • Tends to reduce species diversity
  • Farming activities may reduce variety of food sources and habitats and niches
  • Growth of one species occurs while growth of another species is controlled
  • Pesticides and herbicides may be used to kill unwanted species
  • Fertilisers are used to encourage growth of specific crops
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14
Q

A forest was cleared to make more land available for agriculture.
After the forest was cleared the species diversity of insects in the area decreased.
Explain why. (4)

A
  1. Decrease in variety of plants / fewer plant species;
  2. Fewer habitats/niches;
  3. Decrease in variety of food / fewer food sources;
  4. Aspect of clearing forest (killing insects) eg machinery, pesticides;
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15
Q

Farmers clear tropical forest and grow crops instead. Explain how this causes the diversity of insects in the area to decrease.

A
  1. Lower diversity of plants/ few species of plants/less variety of plants/few plant layers;
  2. Few sources/types of food/feeding sites;
  3. Few habitats/ niches;
  4. Fewer (species of) herbivore so few (species of) carnivores;
  5. Aspect of agriculture (killing insects);
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16
Q

Classification

A

Grouping of organisms

17
Q

Taxonomy

A

Theory and practice of classification

18
Q

What is the system for naming species?

A

Binomial system is universal
- Genus + Species
- e.g. Homo sapiens

19
Q

What is the classification system?

A
  • 8 Levels of taxa (GROUPS) and organisms only belong to one at each level
  • Creates a hierarchy
    -NO OVERLAP- organisms belong to one taxon only
20
Q

8 levels of taxon

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
‘Dont Kill Phil Cos Other Females Get Scared’

21
Q

Types of domain

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

22
Q

Kingdoms of Eukarya domain

A

Protctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animilia

23
Q

Explain what is meant by a heirarchy

A
  1. Groups within groups;
  2. No overlap (between groups);
24
Q

Explain what is meant by a heirarchy

A
  1. Groups within groups;
  2. No overlap (between groups);
25
Q

Explain what is meant by a phylogenetic group

A

(Grouped according to) evolutionary links/history/relationships / common ancestry;

26
Q

Process of courtship behaviour

A
  • Organisms TO ATTRACT A MATE of the RIGHT SPECIES and RIGHT SEX, carry out courtship behaviour
  • Ensures reproductive success
  • Genetically determined, organisms closely related display similar patterns of courtship behaviour
27
Q

Give two ways in which courtship increases the probability of successful mating

A
  • Attracts/recognises same species
  • Attracts/recognises opposite sex
  • Indication of sexual maturity
  • Stimulates release of gametes
  • Form a pair bond
28
Q

Modern classification methods uses…?

A
  • The frequency of measurable/observable characteristics
  • The base sequence of DNA
  • The base sequence of mRNA
  • The amino acid sequence of proteins
29
Q

In classification, comparing the base sequence of gene provides more information than comparing the amino acid sequence for which the gene codes
Explain why?

A
  • More bases than amino acids
  • Introns
  • DNA code is degenerate
30
Q

Explain how natural selection produces changes within a species.

A
  1. Variation [caused by mutation] between members of population / species;
  2. Predation / disease / competition results in differential survival;
  3. Some have adaptations that favour survival;
  4. Differential reproductive success / survive to reproduce/ have more offspring/
  5. Pass on their advantageous alleles /
  6. Changes allelic frequencies
31
Q

Scientists’ analysis of blood proteins has indicated a lack of genetic diversity in populations of some organisms.

Describe the processes that lead to a reduction in the genetic diversity of populations of organisms. (6)

A
  1. Mark for general principle of - reduced variety/number of different alleles/DNA / reduced gene pool (in new population);
  2. Founder effect;
  3. A few individuals from a population become isolated/form colonies:
  4. (Genetic) bottlenecks;
  5. (Significant) fall in size of population
  6. Selective breeding / artificial selection;
  7. Using organisms with particular alleles / traits / phenotypes / characteristics
32
Q

What is meant by a genetic bottleneck.

A
  1. Sudden decrease in population / many killed by an event eg earthquake;
  2. Idea of reduced/low genetic variation/diversity / reduction in (variety of) alleles / smaller gene pool;
33
Q

Suggest one ethical argument for maintaining biodiversity.

A

Prevent extinction /loss of populations/ reduction in populations /loss of habitats / save organisms for future generations

Biology Noor (30 decks)

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