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Biology Noor > 13.10 Survival and Response > Flashcards

13.10 Survival and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Stimulus

A

Detectable change in the environment
Can either be external (light intensity, temp, pressure)
or internal (pH change, glucose conc, blood water potential)

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2
Q

Simple reaction pathway

A

Stimulus–>Receptor–>Coordinator–>Effector–>Response

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3
Q

Why do organisms need to respond to changes in their environment?

A

Increased survival and reproduction by:

  1. Avoiding harmful environments, competition and predators
  2. Keep in a favourable environment
  3. Grow towards/away from stimuli
  4. Dispersing to find new mates
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4
Q

Describe innate behaviour

A
  • Instinctive behaviour is an innate response to stimuli
  • Innate behaviour is genetically determined, it is not learned
  • Members of species which inherit alleles for a particular behaviour will produce the same response to a particular stimulus
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5
Q

Types of simple responses to stimuli

A

Kinesis
Taxes
Reflex action

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6
Q

Kinesis- response to stimuli

A
  • Random
  • Behaviour pattern where an animal responds to a change in simulus by increasing or decreasing activity
  • It is change in rate of movements
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7
Q

Taxes- response to stimuli

A
  • Directional
  • Organism moves either towards or away from a stimulus
  • The directional of the response is related to the direction of the stimulus
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8
Q

Two types of taxes

A

Positive taxes
Negative taxes

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9
Q

Example of negative taxes

A

Earthworms move away from light
Negative phototaxes
More chance of survival as move into soil
More likely to find food
More likely to avoid predators
Less likely to dehydrate

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10
Q

Reflex action- response to stimuli

A

Where a certain stimulus produces a specific short-lived response

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11
Q

How would you describe a reflex action?

A

Rapid
Unlearnt
Automatic

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12
Q

How do reflex actions help organisms?

A
  1. Protect against damage to the body tissues
  2. Help escape from predators
  3. Enable homeostatic control
  4. Finding food, mates or suitable environmental conditions
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13
Q

What is included in reflex arc?

A

Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector

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14
Q

Describe what is meant by the term taxis

A
  • Moves towards or away from directional stimulus
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15
Q

Describe what is meant by the term kinesis

A
  • Movement is random/non-directional response
    OR
  • Insect is not moving towards a particular stimulus;
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16
Q

Explain the advantages of simple reflex arcs

A
  • Rapid;
  • Protect against damage to body tissues;
  • Do not have to be learnt;
  • Help escape from predators;
  • Enable homeostatic control;
17
Q

Tropism

A

Direction of growth can be towards and away from stimulus

18
Q

Types of tropism

A

Positive
Negative

19
Q

Example of positive tropism

A

Plant shoots grow TOWARDS light

20
Q

Example of negative tropism

A

Plant roots grow AWAY from light

21
Q

Halo

A

Salt

22
Q

Geo

A

Gravity

23
Q

Photo

A

Light

24
Q

Hydro

A

Water

25
Q

What are specific growth factors?

A
  • Synthesised in cells located throughout the plant
  • Then diffuse from growing regions to other tissues, regulating growth in response to directional stimulus
    e.g. auxins, IAA
26
Q

IAA process in the shoots

A

PROMOTES CELL ELONGATION
1. IAA synthesised in shoot tips
2. IAA diffuses into growing region
3. Light causes movement of IAA from light side to shaded side
4. Higher conc. IAA on shaded side
5. Causes directional growth as there is greater cell elongation on shaded side
6. Shaded side grows faster and causes shoot to bend towards the light

27
Q

Where is IAA produced?

A

In tips of roots and shoots

28
Q

What does IAA do in shoots?

A

Causes cell elongation in shoots

29
Q

What does IAA do in roots?

A

Inhibits cell elongation in roots

30
Q

IAA process in the roots

A

INHIBITS CELL ELONGATION
- IAA synthesised in root tips
- IAA diffuses into growing region
- Light causes movement of IAA from light side to shaded side towards gravity
- Higher conc. IAA on shaded side
- Cell elongation inhibited on shaded side
- Results in directional growth away from light and towards gravity

31
Q

Compare & Contrast taxis and tropism

A
  • Both are directional responses to stimuli
  • Taxis involves the movement of the entire organism whereas tropism is the movement of part of an organism
32
Q

Describe the effect of IAA on root and shoot growth.

A
  • IAA synthesised in shoots tips.
  • IAA diffuses into growing (cell elongating) region.
  • Light causes movement of IAA from light side to shaded side.
  • Proportionally more IAA on shaded side.
  • Causes directional growth as there is greater cell elongation on shaded side.
  • Shaded side grows faster and causes shoot to bend towards the light.
  • IAA synthesised in root tips.
  • IAA diffuses into growing (cell elongating) region.
  • IAA moves towards underside/shaded side.
  • Inhibits cell elongation.
  • Uneven growth (more elongation on side with less IAA).
  • Causes directional growth away from light and downwards towards gravity.

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