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Mod 13 > 13.4 - Communications > Flashcards

13.4 - Communications Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different type of radio waves.

A

Ground Wave, follows the curvature of the earth, <20miles (attenuated)

Direct wave, long distance comms from a ground station to a aircraft.

Sky wave, uses the earths ionosphere which refracts the radio waves back to earth. Long distance comms

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2
Q

Sky waves distance

A

Depends on the angle of the antenna projection, also due to this creates a skip zone where the waves can’t be received.

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3
Q

Ionosphere propagation

A

Different layers of the ionosphere are available. (D-F2)

Depends on time of the day.

Higher frequency used during the day as they travel further.

Layer F2 used at night.

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4
Q

Radio spectrum

A

VLF - 3-30Khz
LF - 30-300Khz
MF - 300Khz - 3Mhz
HF - 3 - 30Mhz
VHF - 30 - 300Mhz
UHF - 300Mhz - 3Ghz
SHF - 3-30Ghz
EHF - 30-300Ghz

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5
Q

VHF and ULF radio is

A

Line of sight radio, it travels slightly further than line of sight due to bending with the curvature of the earth.

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6
Q

VHF and ULF radio wave extension

A

Repeaters and increased antenna length can extend range.

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7
Q

Radio antenna losses

A

Are higher at higher frequencies

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8
Q

Sharp objects do what to radio waves

A

Detract

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9
Q

Radio waves travel further at

A

Low frequencies

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10
Q

What is:
MUF
&
LUF

A

Maximum usable frequency
Lowest usable frequency

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11
Q

MUF

A

Does not use refraction, a function of the ionosphere, as ionisation increases so does MUF.

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12
Q

LUF

A

Is a function if noise, when LUF is > MUF radio communication isn’t possible.

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13
Q

AM - amplitude modulation

A

Broadcasts at constant frequency, adds the sounds wave the base frequency (carrier wave) therefore creates a modulated signal.

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14
Q

FM - frequency modulation

A

Frequency is modulated. Tune to a set frequency ie 99Mhz, then the receiver transformer listens for the frequency and also small band differences

Clearer signal and better quality (less interference than AM)

Higher bandwidth than AM

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15
Q

Which radio waves travel better FM or AM?

A

AM because of the lower frequency.

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16
Q

Which radio wave is better at night and why?

A

AM, because FM tends to propagate through the ionosphere rather than refract back to earth.

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17
Q

Velocity of sound waves is dependent on?

A

The medium it is traveling through, atmospheric pressure & temperature

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18
Q

Pitch

A

Varies with frequency.

Human ears can hear 20mhz-20hz

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19
Q

Loudness depends on

A

The transfer of energy, greater the amplitude of the sound wave the louder it is.

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20
Q

ADF frequency range

A

200-1600Khz

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21
Q

NDB frequency range

A

190-535Khz

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22
Q

AM broadcast range

A

550-1800Khz

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23
Q

HF comms frequency range

A

2-30Mhz

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24
Q

Marker beacons frequency range

A

75Mhz

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25
Q

FM ration frequency range

A

88-108Mhz

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26
Q

VOR Nav (VHF) frequency range

A

108-118Mhz

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27
Q

VHF comms frequency range

A

118-137Mhz

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28
Q

Glide slope frequency range

A

328-336Mhz ULF

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29
Q

DME Frequency range

A

960-1215Mhz ULF

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30
Q

Transponder frequency range

A

1030 & 1090Mhz ULF

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31
Q

GPS Frequency

A

1.6 GHz SHF

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32
Q

Rad Alt Frequency

A

4.3Ghz SHF

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33
Q

Doppler Nav frequency

A

8.8Ghz SHF

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34
Q

Weather radar frequency

A

9.375Ghz SHF

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35
Q

Carbon microphones

A

High output impedance of around 100 ohms

+‘s
Robust
High output levels 250mV - 1 volt
Inexpensive compared to electromagnetic mics

-‘s
Noise due to granular movement
Poor frequency response
Requires polarising supply
Prone to mic packing

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36
Q

Electromagnetic microphones

Moving iron type
Dynamic type
Capacitive type

A

High output impedance of 100ohms

+’s
Good frequency response
Less noisy than carbon mics
Doesn’t need a polarising supply

-‘s
Low sensitivity
Expensive compared to carbon mics
More susceptible to damage
Requires a balanced input feeder system
Require mic pre amps

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37
Q

Headphones and loudspeakers

A

Generally moving iron type
Also moving coil type available

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38
Q

Basic TC-RX link

A

Sends data by electrical currents and or electromagnetic waves

Spoken word - variation in air pressure
Written word - symbols and letters
Still or moving images - light intensity
Digital data - holes in cards or tapes

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39
Q

If data is not in a electrical form you must?

A

Convert it using a transducer

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40
Q

Analogue signals

A

Continuous varying quantity

Electrical analogue message sent has the wave form as the signal it represents.

It’s continuous
It can take any value as long as it’s within system parameters

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41
Q

Baseband -

A

Is the band of frequencies covering all the signal components.

Formats must be used for systems
I.e binary

Digital baseband uses distortion to make sine peaks from on off discrete like binary to create a wave form

Analogue to digital - takes data at twice the frequency to avoid losses and coverts with a TDM

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42
Q

Transducer (microphone)

A

Converts input into electrical signal

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43
Q

Transmitter

A

Amplifies the signal I.e power level and baseband modulation

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44
Q

Link

A

Portion between TX and RX

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45
Q

Receiver

A

Amplifies the waves picked up by the antenna and demodulates to obtain the original baseband

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46
Q

Output transducer (speaker)

A

Converts electrical signal into output noise

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47
Q

Interference and noise

A

Unwanted signal finds its way to the RX

Noise - environmental noise, solar, cosmic and resistance

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48
Q

Ground wave (surface)

A

Electric current induced into the surface of the earth by electromagnetic waves.

High power losses follows the curvature of the earth.

ULF or MF

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49
Q

Squelch & Muting

A

System generates noise, to remove it uses a carrier squelch circuit which with a valid signal from a AGO voltage increase then overrides the squelch gate and allows a audio output.

Uses 8Khz noise filter

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50
Q

Noise limiting

A

Removes frequencies/ amplitude spikes thus removing unwanted noise spikes.

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51
Q

Long wire antenna

A

Terminated (non-resonant)
Not terminated (resonant)
Wire length greater than one wave length

Directional has to be pointed to where you want it to go.

The longer the wire means the directional effect changes

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52
Q

Half wave dipole antenna

A

Parallel wire which is bent opposing each other at 90 degrees

Directional antenna

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53
Q

Folded dipole advantages over straight dipole

A

Higher input impedance
Greater bandwidth

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54
Q

Loop antenna

A

One or more turns of wire wound to form a circle or square.

Dimensions smaller than the wave length

Good for direction finding

Used for confined spaces

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55
Q

Marconi antenna

A

Transmitting element, connected between antenna and ground

1/4 of wave length but because it’s connected to ground it is 1/2 wave length

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56
Q

Parabolic antenna

A

Because of small wave length in UHF and SHF a dish antenna can be used

Very directive
High gain radiation pattern

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57
Q

Yagi-uda antenna

A

One or more parasitic elements
HF antenna

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58
Q

How to deal with antennas which aren’t at least 1/4 wave length

A

Inductive loading

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59
Q

What is antenna gain

A

Gain of a antenna is a measure of the power transmitted in a particular direction with reference to an isotropie radiator

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60
Q

Antenna politisation types

A

Linear polarisation
Random polarisation
Radiated power
Radiation resistance

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61
Q

Why are static dischargers used

A

They discharge static back to the air at a constant rate so that there is no build up and dump of static

Reducing static Interference on the radio systems

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62
Q

VHF power

A

5-25 watts

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63
Q

VHF frequency

A

118-136.975Mhz
25 KHz spacing
760 available channels

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64
Q

Reserved VHF frequencies

A

118.00 arrival
118.10 tower
121.90 ground
121.75 apron
125.95 departure
121.80 delivery

121.50 emergency

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65
Q

HF power

A

100 - 400 watts

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66
Q

HF frequency

A

2 -29.999 MHz
1khz channel spacing
28000 channels

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67
Q

HF single side band in AM

A

Uses USB of radio wave to transmit to make it more efficient and less data

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68
Q

Selcal system

A

Provides aural and visual indications of calls received from ground stations

Using VHF or HF

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69
Q

Selcal reset

A

Reset key is pressed the aural and visual indications are cancelled

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70
Q

Satcom make up

A

Aircraft (antenna/LRU and interfaces)
Ground earth stations (10 worldwide)
Satellites (4)

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71
Q

Microphones

A

Convert audio into electrical signals
10-100mV

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72
Q

Dynamic mic

A

Widely used

Small loud speaker impedance approx 680 ohms and 12mV output at peak

Preamp used to transform impedance to 100!ohms and 100 mV

73
Q

Electret mic

A

Uses a insulator to keep a trapped polarisation charge at the surface and a capacitance

Pre amp used 4V polar changes

74
Q

Hand mic

A

Uses a pre amp
Power from the output line

75
Q

ELT types

A

EPIRBs - maritime
ELTs - aircraft
PLBs - personal

76
Q

ELT frequencies

A

406Mhz (UHF) satellite

Cat 1 automatically activated
Cat 2 manually activated

121.500/243Mhz UHF inactive now

77
Q

ELT activation

A

Manual Activation

Automatic
EPIRBs - water pressure / water activated
ELTs G sensitive

78
Q

ELT monitoring

A

406 is the active frequency monitored for by SAR satellite system

Maritime and aviation still monitor 121.500 as most ELTs have a 121.5 Homer signal

79
Q

SAR signal response

A

Transmitter has 15,22 or 30 character unique serial number that has lots a data saved to identify the beacon

Must be registered.

If unregistered it will transmit manufacturer and serial number

121.500/243 beacon no information just a distress siren

80
Q

GPS based ELTs

A

406Mhz
Accurate up to 100m
Can notify next of kin within 4 mins

81
Q

High precision registered ELT

A

406 MHz
Locates to within 2km
Notifies within 2 hours

82
Q

Operational testing

A

Some have built in self test
Others require testing
First five mins past each hour
3 sweeps maximum

83
Q

ELT system

A

Antenna
Water switch
On/off/ arm baulked switch
LED to indicate transmission
Tether lead and float

Cannot be able to be switched on when stowed

84
Q

121.5/243 performance

A

20/26dBm
Cycle - continuous except 406 transmission 500ms every 50 s
1420-490Hz
48 hours at -20c

85
Q

406 performance

A

37dBm
440ms every 50s
Every 50 s
400BPS
Over 24 hours -20c

86
Q

CVR

A

Required on multi engine MTOW >5700kg
Usually 2 hr plus recording

Flight deck capt, fo, observer/fly engineer and area mic

Captures voice and aurals

Records eng start to shut down

Min last 30 mins

Must be in easy to access location which will suffer least amount of damage
Underwater location beacon

87
Q

CVR

A

Records from engine start to 5 mins after shut down normally

88
Q

CVR power

A

Powered usually by stby power or battery bus

Usually auto switch function but can be manually forced to the on position

89
Q

CVR performance

A

Withstand
3400 G
5000lbs
Deep sea pressure to 20,000ft
Temp upto 1100c

90
Q

CVR ULB

A

Water switch operated
37.5khz
10ms pulse every second
Operated continuously for 30 days
Internal battery replaced 2-6 year periods

91
Q

VOR provides

A

Bearing information
Aircraft angular position with respect to a selected course
To and from positions

92
Q

VOR frequencies

A

Airway navigation - 112.00 - 117.95 all channels

Terminal area - 108.00 - 111.86

VHF

93
Q

VOR line position

A

QDM - magnetic course to be flown to a radio station

QDR - course leading away from a radio station

94
Q

VOR info

A

Bearing pointer - points towards station at a absolute bearing from you

Deviation bar indicates material deviation from course in 5 degree increments

95
Q

VOR tuning

A

Can be manual or automatic

96
Q

VOR is a

A

Medium range nav aid
100-300NM for airway nav

97
Q

ADF is a

A

Short to medium range nav aid

98
Q

ADF uses

A

Two loop antenna at 90 degrees to the airframe and one omnidirectional antenna

Receives non modulated morse code (continuous wave) and modulated morse code with station information

99
Q

ADF direction finding

A

Uses loop 360 movement combined with dense antenna to find position

100
Q

ADF indicator

A

Uses a relative bearing indicator

Absolute bearing has to be calculated by the pilot

101
Q

RMI indicator (VOR & ADF)

A

Pointers show the direction from aircraft position toward the tuned NDB (QDM) direction magnetic (absolute bearing)

102
Q

ILS frequency

A

Loc 108.10 - 111.95 all odd
Glide slope approx 330MHz paired with the localiser

Tuned via control panel

Even freq are reversed for VOR

103
Q

ILS Loc

A

Flies for runway CL
90hz left band
150hz right band
Uses signal strength to determine position

If flying left of CL the needle would point right to indicate to flying right to intercept

104
Q

ILS Glide slope

A

Typical 3 degree slope
90hz upper band
150 hz lower band
Pointer shows direction to fly

Frequency 329.15-335MHz

105
Q

ILS marker beacons

A

75 MHz freq 6000ft
Outer - blue 400hz approx 7nm
Middle - amber 1300hz approx 1nm
Inner - white 3000hz approx 200-1500ft

Lights and aural indication
Shows distance to runway threshold

106
Q

Flight directors

A

Takes computer data to give the pilots command bars to fly a route

107
Q

DME

A

Gives slang distance to a ground station in NM

108
Q

DME frequency

A

Around 1GHz (UHF) usually paired with VOR station (VHF)

109
Q

DME operation interrogator transmitter and ground station transmitter

A

Interrogator transmitter operates on one frequency and ground station transmitter operates on another frequency.

GST is always 63MHz above or below Interrogator

110
Q

DME range

A

300nm

111
Q

DME/VOR navigation

A

Lateral and distance to calculate a position fix

112
Q

ILS/DME

A

Distance to touch down, displayed on the PFF

113
Q

FMS DME useage

A

Uses two DME stations preferably at 90 degrees to create a fix

114
Q

DME tuning

A

Automatic FMS tuning
Manual FMS tuning
Manual tuning via radio control panel

115
Q

RNAV

A

Uses VOR bearing, DME slant ranging and barometric altitude.

116
Q

FMS functions

A

Navigation
Performance
Guidance

117
Q

FMS Data base

A

Updated every 28 days

118
Q

MIX IRS position accuracy

A

2NM/h

119
Q

Radio position accuracy

A

.3NM

120
Q

GPS accuracy

A

<.3NM

121
Q

FM position accuracy

A

En route 3.5NM
Terminal 2NM
Approach .36NM

122
Q

FMS

A

Provides lateral and vertical navigation with full performance management

123
Q

Flight plan take off and approach

A

SID - standard instrument departure
STAR - standard arrival route

124
Q

GPS & GNSS

A

Uses DME theory to create position fixes from satellites in space

Based on UTC time and known positions of the satellites in orbit.

3 satellites for a position fix and 4 to provide altitude

125
Q

GPS satellites

A

24 in use in six different orbit patterns 12 hours per orbit

3 or more spare satellites in orbit

126
Q

GPS control segments

A

Master stations and auxiliary stations 16’in total

Help manage and monitor satellites

127
Q

GPS User segment

A

Aircraft etc

128
Q

GPS ground based augmentation

A

Can be used for ILS using GPS fox for touch down zones

Highly accurate

129
Q

Datalink

A

Used to reduce voice communications between aircraft and the ground.

CPDLC
ACARs

130
Q

Datalink types

A

Simplex - communicates in one direction only

Half duplex - communicates both ways but only one way at a time

Duplex - communicates both ways simultaneously.

131
Q

ATC transponder

A

Provides primary and secondary surveillance radar and other aircraft interrogation and pings to identify locations

132
Q

ATC transponder modes

A

A - aircraft identification
B- ident and altitude
S- ident, altitude and communication link

133
Q

ATC

A

1030MHz interrogation signal
Responds with 1090MHz squirter
Squawk code will give a coupler lock

134
Q

ATC transponder ident

A

24 Pin programmed code - country of registration then unique code

135
Q

ADS-B

A

Allows extra precision of air traffic and weather overlays to the ground and airborne

136
Q

ADS-B

A

GPS based system which communicates, aircraft type, speed, attitude and altitude also paired with mode s

Overlays weather

137
Q

TCAS legal requirements

A

Aircraft with a MTOW >5700kgs and more than 19 pax

TCAS 1 10-30 pax
TCAS 2 30 pax plus

138
Q

ACAS is the

A

International standard for the equipment requirement set by ICAO

139
Q

ACAS 1

A

TA only

140
Q

ACAS 2

A

TA/RA

141
Q

ACAS 2 inputs needed

A

Aircraft address code
Air to air mode S
Own aircraft’s max cruising true air speed
Pressure altitude
Rad alt

142
Q

TCAS operation

A

Uses 1030/1090Mhz interrogation and response on Mode S but also communicates with modes A and C

Vertical TA/RA only

143
Q

TCAS indications

A

Can indicate traffic above and below non shaded Diamond - normal traffic
Shaded diamond - proximate traffic
Solid amber circle - traffic advisory (intruder)
Red solid square - resolution advisory (threat)

144
Q

TCAS antenna

A

Directional antenna
One upper skin
One lower skin

145
Q

TA and RA calculations

A

Based on the closest point of approach
20-48 seconds for a TA
15-35 Seine’s for a RA
Depends on aircraft altitude

146
Q

TCAS transponder modes

A

Standby
Transponder
TA only
TA/RA

147
Q

TCAS alerts

A

Traffic
RA climb or dive
Clear of conflict

148
Q

TCAS

A

Can process ADSB data

149
Q

TCAS PFD indications

A

ADI bars to indicate unsafe areas
VSI Green and red to indicate safe/unsafe zone

150
Q

Traffic awareness for light aircraft

A

Traffic information service (TIS) - uses ADS-B

Traffic advisory system (TAS) - mode S system

151
Q

FLARM

A

For gliders traffic

152
Q

Weather radar operation

A

Emits microwave pulses through a directive antenna which picks up the return signals.

Range is determined by the time taken for the echo to return.

Microwave 9.4GHz
125W - 65 kW 180-400 pulses per second

Up to 20 sweeps a minute

Strength of the echo returned from the water droplets in the cloud determine the water droplet density.

153
Q

Weather radar returns

A

Green - light weather
Amber - moderate weather
Red - severe weather
Magenta - turbulence

154
Q

Weather radar displays

A

Weather
Or
Terrain

155
Q

WXR turbulence detection

A

Pulse waveforms show that the echo frequency differs from the transmitted pulse caused by the Doppler effect.

156
Q

WXR radar antenna

A

Parabolic antenna with tilt and sweep capabilities

157
Q

WXR radar stabilisation

A

Stabilised in pitch and roll by a IRS feed or a vertical gyro

Mechanical limits
Roll +_ 43 degrees
Pitch +_ 25 degrees
Tilt +_15 degrees

158
Q

Azimuth drive

A

Antenna capable of scanning a total azimuth of +45 degrees to + 90 degrees 20 times a minute

159
Q

WXR radar tilted to ground 15 degrees

A

To paint ground radar returns

160
Q

WXR radar safe zone

A

4 metre radius
240degree radius

161
Q

Rad Alt

A

Projects wave towards terrain below which is reflected back to the aircraft, it uses the time to calculate distance.

162
Q

Rad Alt

A

Frequency 4.3 GHz

163
Q

Rad Alt operation

A

Rising runway from 200ft
Audio call outs from 400ft

164
Q

MLS

A

Was designed to replace ILS, greater accuracy than ILS, requires less bulky equipment

Five functions
Approach azimuth
Back azimuth
Approach elevation
Range and data communications

165
Q

Very low frequency and hyperbolic navigation

A

Decca
Oméga
LORAN
Doppler

166
Q

INS

A

Principle uses 2 accelerometers and rate gyro
1 N/S
1 E/W to produce outputs for movement.

Amplified then through two interrogator and a computer which knows the initial position can produce coordinates for new position

167
Q

Importance of keeping the accelerometers level

A

Prevents inaccuracies being induced by pitch and roll of the airplane.

The accelerometers are mounted so that they will stay level when the aircraft attitude changes

168
Q

INS earth and transport compensation

A

Made by the computer system to keep the navigation data accurate

169
Q

Latitude and longitude

A

Latitude - north to south 0 degrees is the equator

Longitude is east to west

170
Q

IRS make up

A

Three laser gyros and three accelerometers

171
Q

IRS

A

Sensing all pitch and roll movements of the aircraft unlike INS

172
Q

IRS modes

A

Off
Align
Nav
Attitude

173
Q

IRS config

A

3 Accelerometers and 3 laser gyros
Act on all three axis

174
Q

ACARs - aircraft communication and reporting system

A

Uses radio stations to send automated or manually drafted messages between ground stations and aircraft

175
Q

ACARs stations

A

Uses stations for round the world
Europe
Asia
America
Oceanic

Via VHF or satcom

176
Q

ACARs frequency

A

Arinc acars 131.725

Can auto tune if the frequencies are busy

177
Q

ACARs

A

OOOI events through key flight phases to report back

178
Q

ACARs manual message

A

Preamble - 34 characters
Message - 220 characters
Trailer - 7 characters parity and verification

Mod 13 (22 decks)

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