13.1 Immunology: When the immune system gets it wrong Flashcards
What are 4 characteristics of the inflammatory response?
Rubour, tumour, calour, dolour
What happens if you block IL-1?
How is it made?
Block IL-1=no fever
Made in inactive precursor form (enzyme ICE cleaves long molecule)
What is familial cold uticaria?
What family is it a member of?
A mutation (SNP) in cryopyrin (association with ICE)
NOD-like receptor family
What does interleukin-1 converting enzyme do?
Activates capsase 1 (inflammasome) and enables cascade activation
How does gout occur?
Eating of purine rich food, increase in monosodium urate
Kidneys can’t clear crystals (NLRP3 recognises them)=inflammasome activation
How is gout treated?
Anakinra
An IL-1 receptor antagonist (also useful for arthritis and type II diabetes)
Contraindicated: neutropenia
How are inflammasomes activated?
How many times can they be activated?
2 converging signals needed
Signal 1: Priming, TLRs
Signal 2: Activation e.g. toxins
(can only undergo inflammation once–>pyroptosis)
How is salmonella recognised by the immune system?
Crosses the barrier–>systemic infection
Flagellin recognised–>inflammasomes activated
Capase1 activated, pyroptosis occurs
What are the specific cytokines that are involved in salmonella recognition?
DCs sense, they produce IL-18
CD8+ T-cell secrete IFN-y
What is the process underlying metabolic syndrome?
Inflammasome activation
adipose tissue releases cytokines, TNF-a, IL-1B
What can happen to the pancreas in metabolic syndrome?
It exhausts due to the increased demand of insulin, B-cell death occurs
