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Comptia network + > 1.3 Explain the concepts and characteristics of routing and switching. > Flashcards

1.3 Explain the concepts and characteristics of routing and switching. Flashcards

1
Q

The MAC address

A
  • Ethernet Media Access Control address
  • –The “physical” address of a network adapter
  • –Unique to a device
  • 48 bits / 6 bytes long hexadecimal
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2
Q

Half-Duplex

A
  • A device cannot send and receive simultaneously

* All LAN hubs are half-duplex devices

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3
Q

• Full-duplex

A

• Data can be sent and received at the same time
• A properly configured switch interface
will be set to full-duplex

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4
Q

CSMA/CD

A
  • CS - Carrier Sense MA - Multiple Access
  • CD - Collision Detect Two stations talking at once - not used any longer

• Listen for an opening and Don’t transmit if the network is busy

  • If a collision occurs Transmit a jam signal
  • Wait a random amount of time, then retry
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5
Q

CSMA/CA

A
  • CA - Collision Avoidance
  • Common on wireless networks
  • Collision detection isn’t possible
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6
Q

Collision Domains

A

Separated by switch/bridge interfaces

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7
Q

Broadcast Domains

A

Separated by router interfaces

• Stops at the router

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8
Q

Unicast

A
  • One station sending information to another station

* Does not scale optimally for streaming media

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9
Q

Multicast

A
  • Delivery of information to interested systems

* One to many

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10
Q

Broadcast

A
  • Send information to everyone at once
  • One packet, received by everyone
  • Routing updates, ARP requests
  • Not used in IPv6 - focus on multicast
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11
Q

LANs

A
  • Local Area Networks

* A group of devices in the same broadcast domain

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12
Q

Virtual LANs

A
  • Virtual Local Area Networks
  • A group of devices in the same broadcast domain
  • Separated logically instead of physically
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13
Q

802.1Q trunking

A
  • Take a normal Ethernet frame

* Add a VLAN header in the frame

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14
Q

Spanning Tree Protocol

A

Loop protection
• Connect two switches to each other
• IEEE standard 802.1D to prevent loops

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15
Q

Spanning Tree Protocol Port States

A
  • Blocking - Not forwarding to prevent a loop
  • Listening - Not forwarding and cleaning the MAC table
  • Learning - Not forwarding and adding to the MAC table
  • Forwarding - Data passes through and is fully operational
  • Disabled - Administrator has turned off the port
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16
Q

RSTP (802.1w) • Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (802.1w)

A
  • Faster convergence
  • From 30 to 50 seconds to 6 seconds
  • Backwards-compatible with 802.1D STP
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17
Q

Basic Interface Configuration

A
  • Needs to match on both sides
  • Speed: 10 / 100 /1,000
  • Duplex: Half/Full
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18
Q

IP address management

A

• Layer 3 interfaces
• VLAN interfaces
• IP address, subnet mask/CIDR block,
default gateway, DNS (optional)

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19
Q

VLANs

A
  • VLAN assignment

* Each device port should be assigned a VLAN

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20
Q

Trunking

A

• Connecting switches together - Multiple VLANs in a single link

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21
Q

Tagged and untagged VLANs

A
  • A non-tagged frame is on the default VLAN or native VLAN

* Trunk ports will tag the outgoing frames and remove the tag on incoming frames

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22
Q

DMZ

A
  • Demilitarized zone

* An additional layer of security between the Internet and you

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23
Q

Powering devices

A

PoE and POE+ - 15.4 watts DC power

• POE+: IEEE 802.3at-2009 - 25.5 watts DC power

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24
Q

Port mirroring

A
  • Examine a copy of the traffic

* Port mirror (SPAN), network tap

25
Q

Routing

A

• Send IP packets across the network
• Forwarding decisions are based
on destination IP address
• Each router only knows the next step
• The list of directions is held in a routing table
• Each router rewrites the frame to add its own data-link header

26
Q

Static routing

A

• Administratively define the routes - You’re in control

27
Q

Advantages of Static routing

A
  • Easy to configure and manage on smaller networks
  • No overhead from routing protocols
  • Easy to configure on sub networks (only one way out)
  • More secure - no routing protocols to analyze
28
Q

disadvantages of Static routing

A
  • Difficult to administer on larger networks
  • No automatic method to prevent routing loops

• If there’s a network change, you have to manually update the routes

29
Q

Dynamic routing

A
  • Routers send routes to other routers

* Routing tables are updated in (almost) real-time

30
Q

Advantages of Dynamic routing

A
  • No manual route calculations or management
  • New routes are populated automatically
  • Very scalable
31
Q

Disadvantages of Dynamic routing

A
  • Some router overhead required

* Requires some initial configuration to work properly

32
Q

Default route

A
  • A route when no other route matches

* Go that way -> rest of the world

33
Q

AS (Autonomous System)

A

• “An AS is a connected group of one or more IP prefixes run by one or more network operators which has a run by one or more network operators which has a SINGLE and CLEARLY DEFINED routing policy.”
Gateway Protocols and Exterior Gateway Protocols

34
Q

IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)

A
  • Used within a single autonomous system (AS)
  • Not intended to route between AS
  • IPv4 dynamic routing/• IPv6 dynamic routing
  • OSPFv2 (Open Shortest Path First)
  • RIPv2 (Routing Information Protocol version 2)
  • EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
35
Q

EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)

A
  • Used to route between autonomous systems
  • BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
  • Many organizations use BGP as their EGP
36
Q

Dynamic routing protocols

A
  • Listen for subnet information from other routers
  • Provide subnet information to other routers
  • Determine the best path based on the gathered information

• Different convergence process
for every dynamic routing protocol

37
Q

Hybrid routing protocols

A
  • A little link-state, a little distance-vector
  • BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
  • Determines route based on paths, network policies, or configured rule-sets
38
Q

Link-state routing protocols

A
  • Information passed between routers is related to the
  • Faster is always better, right?
  • Used most often in large networks
  • OSPF - Large, scalable routing protocol
39
Q

Distance-vector routing protocols

A
  • Information passed between routers contains routing tables
  • How many “hops” away is another network? The deciding “vector” is the “distance”
  • RIP, RIPv2, EIGRP
  • Good for smaller networks and Very little configuration
40
Q

The IP address of a device

A
  • Every device needs a unique IP address
  • Subnet mask, e.g., 255.255.255.0
  • Used by the local workstation to determine what subnet it’s on
  • The subnet mask isn’t (usually) transmitted across the network
41
Q

subnwt mask

A

• The subnet mask determines what part of the IP
• The subnet mask is just as important
as your IP address!

42
Q

IPv4 addresses - Internet Protocol version 4

A
  • OSI Layer 3 address • Since one byte is 8 bits,

* Maintains an IPv4 routing table

43
Q

IPv6 addresses

A

• Internet Protocol v6 - 128-bit address
IPv6 address compression
• Uses IPv6 dynamic routing protocols

44
Q

Tunneling IPv6

A
  • 6 to4 addressing
  • Send IPv6 over an existing IPv4 network
  • Creates an IPv6 based on the IPv4 address
  • No support for NAT
  • IP protocol 41 - a transition technology
  • Tunnel IPv4 traffic on an IPv6 network
45
Q

Teredo/Miredo

A
  • Tunnel IPv6 through NATed IPv4
  • End-to-end IPv6 through an IPv4 network
  • No special IPv6 router needed
  • Miredo - Open-source Teredo for Linux,
46
Q

NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol)

A
  • No broadcasts!
  • Operates using multicast over ICMPv6
  • Neighbor MAC Discovery
  • Replaces the IPv4 ARP
47
Q

SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration)

A

• Automatically configure an IP address without a DHCP server

48
Q

DAD (Duplicate Address Detection)

A

• No duplicate IPs!

49
Q

Discover routers

A

• Router Solicitation (RS) and Router Advertisement (RA)

50
Q

Finding Router

A
  • ICMPv6 adds the Neighbor Discovery Protocol
  • Routers also send unsolicited RA messages • From the multicast destination of ff02::1
  • Sent as a multicast
51
Q

• Neighbor Solicitation (NS)

A
  • Neighbor Advertisement (NA)
  • Neighbor Advertisement (NA)
  • There’s no ARP in IPv6
52
Q

NAT (Network Address Translation)

A

• Destination address is translated
from a public IP to a private IP
• Does not expire or timeout
Port Forwarding

53
Q

Managing Network Traffic

A

Packet shaping - • Control by bandwidth usage or data rates

QoS (Quality of Service)
Managing QoS - • Voice over IP traffic has priority over web-browsing, • Prioritize by maximum bandwidth, traffic rate, VLAN, etc.
• CoS (Class of Service)-OSI Layer 2-Differentiated Services (DiffServ)

• OSI Layer 3

54
Q

Packet filtering

A

• ACLs can evaluate on certain criteria -• Source IP, Destination IP, TCP port numbers, UDP port numbers, ICMP

  • Used to allow or deny traffic
  • Defined on the ingress or egress of an interface
55
Q

Firewall rules

A
  • Access control lists (ACLs)
  • Allow or disallow traffic based on tuples
  • Source IP, Destination IP, port number, time of day, application, etc.
  • Specific rules are usually at the top
  • A logical path
  • Implicit deny
56
Q

Circuit switching

A

• Circuit is established between endpoints before data passes
• POTS and
PSTN (public switched telephone network)
• T1 / E1 / T3 / E3
ISDN• Use a phone number to call another ISDN modem

57
Q

Packet switching

A

• Data is grouped into packets • The media is usually shared

• SONET, ATM,Frame,Wireless
DSL

58
Q

SDN (Software Defined Networking)

A
  • Networking devices have two functional planes of operation
  • Centrally managed - Global view, single pane of glass
  • Programmatically configured -• Orchestration - No human intervention
  • Open standards / vendor neutral
59
Q

Distributed switching

A
  • Remove the physical segmentation
  • A virtual network distributed across all physical platforms
  • When a VM moves, the network doesn’t change

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