13 - 14 weeks // Stochastic Effect

Question 1

The probability of the effect increases with increasing dose.

Answer 1

Stochastic Effect

Question 2

It is the studies of large numbers of people exposed to a toxic substance require considerable statistical analysis.

Answer 2

Epidemiologic Studies

Question 3

Epidemiologic studies of people exposed to radiation are difficult because:

The dose usually is ___ _____ but is presumed to be ___ and the frequency of response is ____ ___.

Answer 3

Epidemiologic studies of people exposed to radiation are difficult because:

The dose usually is not known but is presumed to be low and the frequency of response is very low.

Question 4

The irradiation of blood forming organs can produce hematologic depression as a deterministic response or leukemia as a stochastic response.

Answer 4

Chromosomes

Question 5

Chromosome damage in the circulating lymphocytes can be produced as both a _____ _____ and a _____ _____.

Answer 5

Chromosome damage in the circulating lymphocytes can be produced as both a deterministic effect and a stochastic effect.

Question 6

Individuals accidentally exposed with ___ ____ doses continue to show chromosome abnormalities for __ ____ after the exposure.

Answer 6

Individuals accidentally exposed with high radiation doses continue to show chromosome abnormalities for 20 years after the exposure.

Question 7

Year when cyclotron used to accelerate charged particle to very high energies.

Answer 7

1932

Question 8

Year when every university physics department had one and was engaged in high energy experiments.

Answer 8

1940

Question 9

First cataract report

Answer 9

1949

Question 10

Year when several hundred cases of cataracts were reported

Answer 10

1960s

Question 11

Radiation induced cataracts occur in the _____ ___ of the lens.

Answer 11

Radiation induced cataracts occur in the posterior pole of the lens.

Question 12

Radiosensitivity of the eyes is ___ dependent.

Answer 12

Radiosensitivity of the eyes is age dependent.

Question 13

___ let radiation have ___ rbe for the production of cataracts.

Answer 13

High let radiation have high rbe for the production of cataracts.

Question 14

__gyt (____rad) where cataracts develop in nearly 100% of those who are irradiated.

Answer 14

10gyt (1000rad) where cataracts develop in nearly 100% of those who are irradiated.

Question 15

Threshold after an acute x-ray exposure is approximately __gyt (___rad).

Answer 15

Threshold after an acute x-ray exposure is approximately 2gyt (200rad).

Question 16

The threshold after fractionated exposure is probably in excess of __gyt (____rad).

Answer 16

The threshold after fractionated exposure is probably in excess of 10gyt (1000rad).

Question 17

Occupational exposures to the lens of the eye are ___ ___ to require protective lens shields for radiologic technologists.

Answer 17

Occupational exposures to the lens of the eye are too low to require protective lens shields for radiologic technologists.

Question 18

In computed tomography, the lens dose can be __mgyt (_rad).

Answer 18

In computed tomography, the lens dose can be 50mgyt (5rad).

Question 19

At worst, humans can expect a reduced life span of approximately 10 days for every 10mgyt.

Whereas, the average life shortening caused by occupational accidents amounts to 74 days, for radiation workers, life is shortened by only 12 days.

Answer 19

Life Span Shortening

Question 20

Nearly 100,000 died from the blast and early effects.

Another 100,000 received a high dose but survived.

The remainder received less than 10rad.

Answer 20

Atomic Bomb

Question 21

Radiation induced leukemia follows a _____ ______ dose - relationship.

Answer 21

Radiation induced leukemia follows a linear nonthreshold dose - relationship.

Question 22

Year when in Great Britain, patients with ankylosing spondylitis were treated with radiation to cure.

Answer 22

1940s to 1950s

Question 23

Most radiologist received doses ___ rad/year.

Answer 23

Most radiologist received doses100rad/year.

Question 24

20 years until patient cured started dying from ______.

Answer 24

20 years until patient cured started dying from leukemia.

Question 25

____ ___ ____ had received 100 to 4000 rad.

Answer 25

Spinal bone marrow had received 100 to 4000 rad.

Question 26

Relative risk from the study of leukemia was __:1.

Answer 26

Relative risk from the study of leukemia was 10:1.

Question 27

Radiation induced leukemia also can be reported for radiation induced ______.

Answer 27

Radiation induced leukemia also can be reported for radiation induced cancer.

Question 28

It has been shown to develop in three groups of patients whose thyroid glands were irradiated in childhood.

Answer 28

Thyroid Cancer

Question 29

Ann ___ Series and the ______ Series, they treated shortly after birth for enlarged thymus with up to ___ rad.

Answer 29

Ann Arbor Series and the Rochester Series, they treated shortly after birth for enlarged thymus with up to 500 rad.

Question 30

__ children natives of _____ Atoll in 1954, these children received radiation doses about __gyt (1200rad).

Answer 30

21 children natives of Rongelap Atoll in 1954, these children received radiation doses about 12gyt (1200rad).

Question 31

Two population groups have contributed an enormous quantity of data showing that radiation can cause ____ ______.

Answer 31

Two population groups have contributed an enormous quantity of data showing that radiation can cause bone cancer.

Question 32

72 bone cancers in about 800 workers have been observed in 50 years.

Relative risk was 122:2.

Answer 32

Radium Watch Dial Painters

Question 33

Patients treated with radium for _____ and ______.

Answer 33

Patients treated with radium for arthritis and tuberculosis.

Question 34

Additional studies have produced results suggesting that radiation induced ____ ____ developed in patients treated with x-rays for acute postpartum mastitis.

Answer 34

Additional studies have produced results suggesting that radiation induced breast cancer developed in patients treated with x-rays for acute postpartum mastitis.

Question 35

In breast cancer, the dose to patients range from 0.75 to __ Gyt.

The relative risk factor in this population was approximately 3:1.

Answer 35

In breast cancer, the dose to patients range from 0.75 to 10 Gyt. (75 to 1000rad)

The relative risk factor in this population was approximately 3:1.

Question 36

This was for many years treated by isolation in a sanitarium. During the patient’s stay, one mode of therapy was to induce a pneumothorax in the affected lung, this was done under non-image intensified fluoroscopy.

Answer 36

Tuberculosis

Question 37

In liver cancer, Thorium Dioxide (TH02) in a colloidal suspension known as _____.

Answer 37

In liver cancer, Thorium Dioxide (TH02) in a colloidal suspension known as thorotrast.

Question 38

In liver cancer, radiation that was emitted produced a dose in the ratio of approximately _______ of alpha, beta and gamma radiation, respectively.

Answer 38

In liver cancer, radiation that was emitted produced a dose in the ratio of approximately 100:10:1 of alpha, beta and gamma radiation, respectively.

Question 39

Early in the __ century, it was observed that approximately __% of workers in the Bohemian Pitchblende mines of Germany died of ____ _____.

Answer 39

Early in the 20th century, it was observed that approximately 50% of workers in the Bohemian Pitchblende mines of Germany died of lung cancer.

Question 40

4000 uranium miners have been observed and they have received estimated doses to lung tissue as high as __gyt.

Answer 40

4000 uranium miners have been observed and they have received estimated doses to lung tissue as high as 30gyt (3000 rad).

Question 41

The relative risk of lung cancer was approximately _:1.

Answer 41

The relative risk of lung cancer was approximately 8:1.

Question 42

This usually begins with the development of radiodermatitis.

Answer 42

Skin Cancer