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Neuro > Anatomy 23 (Neuro 6) > Flashcards

Anatomy 23 (Neuro 6) Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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2
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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3
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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4
Q

How many vertebrae does the sacrum consist of?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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5
Q

How many vertebrae make up the coccynx

A

4 or more rudimentary vertebrae

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6
Q

Through which joints does the vertebral column transmit the body weight on to the lower limbs?

A

Sacroilliac joints

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7
Q

What does the vertebral canal consist of?

A

Spinal cord and it’s coverings
Spinal nerves

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8
Q

What is the upper most spinous process that is palpable?

A

7th cervical vertebra

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9
Q

What is the 7th cervical vertebra known as?

A

‘vertebra prominent’

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10
Q

What is the highest point of the iliac crest in line with?

A

The interval between L3-L4 spines

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11
Q

When is the sinusoidal shape of the vertebral column developed?

A

After birth

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12
Q

What shape is the vertebral column in the foetus?

A

‘C’ shaped with concavity facing anteriorly

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13
Q

When does the secondary curvature develop?

A

After birth, convexity develops in the cervical region when the child holds up their head and in the lumbar region when the legs start weight bearing

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14
Q

What are movements of the vertebral column?

A

Forward flexion (40 degrees)
Extension (15 degrees)
Lateral flexion (30 degrees)
Rotation (40 degrees)

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15
Q

In which region is rotation maximum?

A

Thoracic region

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16
Q

In which region is rotation very limited?

A

Lumbar region

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17
Q

In which region is flexion and extension very limited and why?

A

Thoracic region due to the presence of the rib cage

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18
Q

What are the intervertebral discs?

A

Strong fibrocartilaginous structures that can withstand
compression forces but are flexible enough to allow movements between the vertebrae

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19
Q

What are the 2 parts of the intervertebral discs?

A

Nucleus pulposus surrounded by an annulus fibrosis

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20
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

Well hydrated gel having proteoglycan, collagen and cartilage cells

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21
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus made of?

A

10-12 concentric layers of collagen whose oblique arrangement alters in successive layers

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22
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus attached to peripherally?

A

Vertebral bodies as well as to the posterior longitudinal ligament

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23
Q

What can a herniation of the intervertebral disc cause?

A

Can narrow the intervertebral foramen and cause compression of the nerve root

24
Q

What happens to the annulus fibrosis in herniation?

A

The annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc no longer contains the nucleus pulposus and it bulges into the spinal canal or intervertebral foramina.

25
Q

What is a straight posterior herniation often prevented by?

A

Firm attachment of the disc to the posterior longitudinal ligament

26
Q

What can arthritis of the facet joints lead to?

A

Can narrow the intervertebral foramen and cause nerve root compression

27
Q

What is radiculopathy?

A

Nerve root pathology - most commonly compression due to prolapsed intervertebral disc.

Most commonly at L5/S1 in the lumbar region or C6/7 in
the neck.

28
Q

What is sciatica?

A

Compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve (L5)

29
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of sciatica?

A

Signs and symptoms:
▪ Pain radiating down the buttock, into the leg, down to the calf.
▪ Weakness in dorsiflexion causes foot drop.
▪ Abnormal gait

30
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

The ‘space’ between the vertebrae and the dura mater of the spinal cord

31
Q

What does the epidural space contain?

A

Contains the small arteries which supplies the spinal cord and
the vertebral venous plexuses

32
Q

What are veins in the vertebral venous plexuses called?

A

Batson’s veins

33
Q

Describe features of veins in the vertebral venous plexuses (Batson’s veins)

A

Contain no valves and communicate freely with the intercostal veins and pelvic veins, including the veins draining the prostate

34
Q

What is the cauda equina syndrome?

A

Compression of the nerve roots below the level of spinal cord termination (L1-S5)

35
Q

What is cauda equina syndrome most commonly caused by?

A

Disc prolapse at L4/5 or L5/S1 level

36
Q

What are signs/symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?

A

Signs and symptoms:
▪ Low back pain
▪ Perineal paraesthesia (saddle distribution)
▪ Decreased anal tone
▪ Bladder dysfunction
▪ Faecal incontinence
▪ Sciatica (more commonly bilateral)
▪ Variable lower extremity motor and sensory loss
▪ Sexual dysfunction

37
Q

What is a spinal cord segment?

A

Area of the spinal cord from which a pair of spinal nerves are given off

38
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves does the spinal cord contain?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves, hence 31 segments:
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal

39
Q

What type of fibres does the dorsal root of the spinal nerve carry?

A

Sensory fibres

40
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglion house?

A

The cells of origin of the dorsal root fibres

41
Q

Is the ventral root sensory or motor?

A

Motor

42
Q

Where does the ventral root emerge?

A

Emerges on the anterolateral aspect of the cord on either side

43
Q

What is the spinal nerve formed of?

A

Anterior and posterior roots join together at the intervertebral foramen

44
Q

What forms the cauda equina?

A

The lumbar and sacral nerve roots below the termination of the cord

45
Q

Where do the spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal?

A

Intervertebral foramen

46
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen bounded by anteriorly?

A

Bodies of the adjoining vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral disc

47
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen bounded by posteriorly?

A

Synovial joints between the 2 superior and the 2 inferior articular processes

48
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Interval between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebraes

49
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The tapering end of the cord

50
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A fibrous strand extending from the conus medullaris to the coccyx

51
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Nerves from the lower part of the cord, the lumbar and sacral
nerves, hanging obliquely downwards

52
Q

What is the mnemonic for the spinocerebellar tracts?

A

COVID
Contralateral is Ventral, Ipsilateral is Dorsal

53
Q

How do metastases from malignant tumours, in breast and prostrate reach the vertebrae?

A

Through the vertebral venous plexuses which are connected to the veins draining these organs

54
Q

Where is the needle inserted in a lumbar puncture?

A

Into the subdural space in L3-L4 interspace

55
Q

What is the treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

A

CSF drained to decrease pressure

Neuro (14 decks)

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