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Neuro > Anatomy 22 (Neuro 5) > Flashcards

Anatomy 22 (Neuro 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the limbic system?

A

Acts as an interface between the internal environment of the individual and the external environment

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2
Q

What are the 2 major functional roles of the limbic system?

A

Learning
Regulation and translation of our emotional state into appropriate behaviour

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3
Q

What brain structures does the limbic system include?

A

Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus
Anterior perforated substance
Septal nuclei
Uncus
Amygdala

(Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus and Subthalamus)

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4
Q

What does the uncus play a role in?

A

Role in olfaction, emotions and memory

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5
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Axons interconnecting different areas of the cerebral cortex of one hemisphere

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6
Q

What is the largest bundle of association fibres?

A

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

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7
Q

What does the stria terminalis connect?

A

Amygdala with the septum and hypothalamus

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8
Q

What can lesions in the limbic system result in?

A
  • Anterograde amnesia
  • Generation of emotions and emotional responses in the absence of external stimulation
  • Production of inappropriate emotional responses to particular stimuli
  • Inability to detect the emotional state of others
  • Inability to regulate our own emotional responses
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9
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Blockage of CSF flow in ventricles or subarachnoid space leads to rise in fluid pressure causing the ventricles to swell

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10
Q

How can pressure due to hydrocephalus be relieved?

A

By insertion of a shunt connecting the ventricular system to the peritoneum or jugular vein

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11
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of hydrocephalus?

A

Raised intracranial pressure
Headache
Unsteadiness
Mental impairment

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12
Q

What is the claustrum part of?

A

Basal ganglia

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13
Q

What is the claustrum derived from?

A

Telencephalon

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14
Q

What do the cells in the claustrum respond to?

A

Visual, auditory and sensory stimuli

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15
Q

What is the external capsule?

A

White matter separating the claustrum from the putamen

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16
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Convergence and concentration of white matter projection fibres which carries all the motor and sensory fibres from and to the cortex

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17
Q

What is Parkinsons disease?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra leading to depletion of striatal dopamine levels

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18
Q

What treatment can help minimise the symptoms of Parkinsons disease for years?

A

Levodopa

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19
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of Parkinsons disease?

A

Cog-wheel rigidity
Pill-rolling tremor at rest (thumb and forefinger)
Shuffling, festinant gait (difficulty starting and stopping)
Bradykinesia (slowness of movements)
Loss of facial expressions

20
Q

What is the inheritance linkage of Huntington’s chorea?

A

Autosomal dominant

21
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of Huntington’s chorea?

A

Chorea (‘dance-like’, overshooting, writhing, involuntary movements)
Personality change
Depression and progressive dementia due to degeneration of the corpus striatum and cerebral cortex

22
Q

What is a lacunar stroke?

A

Occlusion of a deep perforating artery

23
Q

What are some strong risk factors of lacunar stroke?

A

Hypertension
Smoking
Diabetes

24
Q

Where do the resultant lesions of lacunar stroke occur in?

A

Deep nuclei
Pons
Internal capsule

25
Q

What can a stroke affecting the internal capsule cause?

A
  • Hemiparesis typically affecting half the face, one arm or leg
  • Ataxic hemiparesis (combination of cerebellar and motor symptoms) most commonly affecting the leg
  • Mixed sensorimotor stroke if the thalamus is also affected, causing hemiparesis with ipsilateral sensory impairment
26
Q

What does the olfactory tract give rise to?

A

Medial Olfactory Striae
Lateral Olfactory Striae

27
Q

What part of the papez circuit would a lesion affect memory?

A

Any part

28
Q

Which lobe is the hippocampus located in?

A

Temporal

29
Q

What is the main output from the hippocampus?

A

Fimria

30
Q

What does the fimria thicken to form?

A

Fornix

31
Q

What does the fornix project to?

A

Mamillary bodies

32
Q

What is the most important part of the parahipocampal gyrus?

A

Entorhinal complex

33
Q

What is the basal ganglia important for?

A

Voluntary movement

34
Q

What does the tail of the caudate connect to?

A

Amygdala

35
Q

What is the amygdala important for?

A

Fear responses

36
Q

What does the striae terminalis connect?

A

Amygdala to the septum and hypothalamus

37
Q

Where does the hippocampus lie?

A

In the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

38
Q

What is the hippocampus functionally important for?

A

Processing of long term memories and emotional responses

39
Q

What is the order of basal ganglia structures going in medially?

A

Extreme capsule
Claustrum
External capsule
Lentiform nucleus

40
Q

What does the lentiform nucleus consist of?

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

41
Q

What white matter structure separates the putamen and globus pallidus?

A

Lateral medullary lamina

42
Q

What structures form the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus and Putamen

43
Q

How is movement initiated?

A

Striatum receives cortical inputs
Striatum sends projections to the globus pallidus
Globus pallidus sends projections to the thalamus
Thalamus transmits signals to the motor cortex

44
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens?

A

Where the caudate and putamen meet

45
Q

What is the relationship between the nucleus accumbens and dopamine?

A

Nucleus accumbens is the brains reward centre and recieves dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain

46
Q

What is dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens related to?

A

Reward and addiction behaviours

Neuro (14 decks)

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