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Neuro > Anatomy 18 (Neuro 1) > Flashcards

Anatomy 18 (Neuro 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

Brain/Encephalon
Spinal Cord

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2
Q

How many main parts is the brain divided into?

A

3

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3
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the brain?

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

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4
Q

How many parts can the hindbrain be subdivided into?

A

3

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5
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the hindbrain?

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum

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6
Q

What is another name for the hindbrain?

A

Rhombencephalon

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7
Q

What is the medulla oblongata derived from?

A

Myelencephalon

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8
Q

What are the Pons derived from?

A

Metencephalon

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9
Q

What is the cerebellum derived from?

A

Metencephalon

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10
Q

How many parts can the midbrain be subdivided into?

A

2

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11
Q

What is another name for the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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12
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the midbrain?

A

Tectum
Cerebral Peduncle

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13
Q

What is the Tectum?

A

Part of the midbrain lying dorsal to the central canal (cerebral aqueduct)

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14
Q

What does the tectum comprise of?

A

Superior and inferior COLLICULI, also called the corpora quadrigemina

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15
Q

What is the cerebral peduncle?

A

Midbrain ventral to the aqueduct

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16
Q

What is the cerebral peduncle subdivided into?

A

Tegmentum
Crus Cerebri

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17
Q

What is the tegmentum?

A

Dorsal part of the cerebral peduncle

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18
Q

Where in the cerebral peduncle is the crus cerebri located?

A

Ventrally

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19
Q

What separates the tegmentum and crus cerebri?

A

Substantia Nigra

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20
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

Narrow lamina of pigmented cell

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21
Q

What are the crura cerebri?

A

Large bundles of white matter emerging from the cerebral hemispheres, one on each side of the midline, which pass backwards and downwards, converging to meet in the midline at the upper border of the pons

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22
Q

What do the crura cerebri form?

A

Form the part of the cerebral peduncles visible on the inferior surface of the brain

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22
Q

What do the crura cerebri form?

A

Form the part of the cerebral peduncles visible on the inferior surface of the brain

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23
Q

What is another name for the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon

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24
Q

How many parts is the forebrain divided into?

A

2

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25
Q

What are the 2 parts that the forebrain is divided into?

A

Diencephalon
Telencephalon

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26
Q

What does the diencephalon derive from?

A

Derives from the anterior part of the developing neural tube

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27
Q

What does the diencephalon comprise of?

A

Comprises of the Thalamus and the Hypothalamus (with the epi- and sub-thalamus) of each side

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28
Q

What does the telencephalon derive from?

A

Derives from the cerebral vesicle of each side

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29
Q

What does the telencephalon consist of?

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia

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30
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer of grey matter

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31
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Deep nuclei

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32
Q

What is the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Used to refer to the telencephalon of each side, though it may be used to mean the telencephalon and diencephalon of each side together

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33
Q

What are the meninges?

A

3 separate tubular sheaths of membrane which surround and enclose the entire CNS

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34
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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35
Q

What is the Dura Mater?

A

Fibrous sheet, with white collagen fibres and a few elastic fibres arranged in dense laminae, often of parallel fibres

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36
Q

How many layers does the cranial dura mater consist of?

A

2 layers

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37
Q

What are the 2 layers that the cranial dura mater consist of?

A

Outer endosteal layer (equivalent to the periosteum)
Inner meningeal layer, which is the dura mater proper

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38
Q

What is the Arachnoid Mater?

A

Poorly vascularised membrane of loose connective tissue, consisting of collagen, elastin and reticulin fibres

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39
Q

What is the function of arachnoid mater?

A

It loosely covers the brain without following the gyral and sulcal undulations

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40
Q

What is the PIA mater?

A

Intimately adherent to the entire surface of the CNS, including following the gyral and sulcal folds

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41
Q

Where does the innermost layer of pial cells lie?

A

On the surface of the CNS which is formed by the underlying end-feet of astrocytes with their covering basement membrane

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42
Q

What is the Pia separated from the Arachnoid by?

A

Subarachnoid space

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43
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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44
Q

What is white matter formed by?

A

Collections of nerve fibres (axons)

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45
Q

What is white matter wrapped in?

A

Fatty myelin sheaths, with few or no neuronal somata (cell bodies)

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46
Q

What is the grey matter of the CNS formed by?

A

Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies and their local processes

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47
Q

What are the Neuropil?

A

Network of intermingled and interconnected neuronal processes which occupies the space between neuronal cell bodies

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48
Q

What are Nuclei/Ganglia?

A

Clusters of nerve cell bodies (grey matter) within the brain.

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49
Q

What is the Cortex?

A

Outer surface of the brain (e.g., the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum)

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50
Q

What is the Cortex formed by?

A

Formed by flatter sheets of neurones

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51
Q

What are the Frontal lobes?

A

Primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex

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52
Q

What are the Temporal lobes?

A

Primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex (Wernicke’s area), hippocampus and amygdala

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53
Q

What are the Parietal lobes?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex and association cortex

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54
Q

What are the Occipital lobes?

A

Primary visual and visual association cortex

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55
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A

Motor control of equilibrium, posture and muscle tone and movement co-ordination

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56
Q

What is the Brainstem?

A

Ascending and descending tracts, cranial nerve nuclei and the reticular formation

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57
Q

What are the Gyri?

A

The rolls of cerebral cortex

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58
Q

What are the Sulci?

A

The grooves between the gyri

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59
Q

What is the Central sulcus?

A

A large fissure separating the frontal from the parietal lobes

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60
Q

What is the Lateral sulcus?

A

A large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the
parietal and frontal lobes

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61
Q

What are the Occipital poles?

A

Ease the walls of the lateral sulcus apart

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62
Q

What are the Insula?

A

This forms the floor of the lateral sulcus

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63
Q

What are the Opercula?

A

Parts of the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes that overlie the insula

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64
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

Large bundle of white matter connecting the two hemispheres

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65
Q

Where are the Olfactory Tracts located?

A

These run on the inferior surface of the frontal lobes

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66
Q

Where are the Optic Nerves located?

A

Seen passing backwards and medially, converging in the midline to form the OPTIC CHIASMA, then passing backwards and laterally as the OPTIC TRACTS

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67
Q

What are the Mammillary bodies?

A

2 rounded eminences behind the optic chiasma

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68
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located?

A

Behind the optic chiasma up to and including the mammillary bodies (the only part of the DIENCEPHALON visible on the outside of the brain).

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69
Q

Where are the Crus Cerebri located?

A

Behind the mammillary bodies on each side, from the cerebral hemisphere.
They pass backwards, converging in the midline at the upper border of the PONS.

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70
Q

What is the Interpenduncular Fossa?

A

Space between the crura roofed over by arachnoid

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71
Q

Where are the Pons located?

A

Situated immediately behind the point where the crura meet in the midline.

It forms a bridge of neural tissue between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata

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72
Q

Where is the Cerebellum located?

A

2 lobes, one either side of the medulla and a central vermis joining the two hemispheres

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73
Q

Where is the Medulla Oblongata located?

A

Runs from the caudal border of the pons to where the
spinal cord was cut when the brain was removed.

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74
Q

Where does the parietal lobe extend from?

A

From the central sulcus anteriorly to the imaginary parietooccipital fissure posteriorly

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75
Q

What does the parietal lobe contain?

A

Primary sensory area

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76
Q

How many parietal lobes are there?

A

2

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77
Q

What is the dominant lobe important for?

A

Perception, interpretation of sensory information and the formation of the idea of a complex, meaningful motor response.

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78
Q

What are the supramarginal and angular gyrus of the dominant lobe concerned with?

A

Language and mathematical operations

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79
Q

What is the non-dominant lobe important for?

A

Visuospatial functions

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80
Q

Which side is normally the dominant lobe?

A

Left

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81
Q

Which side is normally the non-dominant lobe?

A

Right

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82
Q

What is the frontal lobe involved in?

A

Motor function
Problem solving
Spontaneity
Memory
Language
Judgement
Personality
Impulse control
Social and sexual behaviour

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83
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Anterior portion of the frontal lobe

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84
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex important for?

A

Higher cognitive functions and determination of personality

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85
Q

What does the posterior portion of the frontal lobe contain?

A

The motor and premotor areas

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86
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Left inferior frontal gyrus

87
Q

What is the importance of Broca’s area?

A

Important for language production and comprehension

88
Q

What does the temporal lobe contain?

A

Primary auditory cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Wernicke’s area

89
Q

Where is the Wernicke’s area located?

A

Superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere

90
Q

What is the function of the Wernicke’s area?

A

Understanding the spoken word

91
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

Around the lateral (Sylvian) fissure

92
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A

Posterior aspect of the brain

93
Q

What does the occipital lobe contain?

A

Contains the primary visual and visual association cortex

94
Q

What does the limbic lobe surround?

A

Surrounds the medial margin of the hemisphere

95
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A

Hippocampus
Fornix
Amygdala

96
Q

What is the limbic system involved in?

A

Emotion
Memory
Behaviour
Olfaction

97
Q

What is the hippocampus involved in?

A

Long term memory formation

98
Q

What is the amygdala important in?

A

Motivationally significant stimuli, such as those related to reward and fear.

99
Q

How does the limbic system operate?

A

By influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system and is highly interconnected with the brains pleasure centre; ; the nucleus accumbens

99
Q

How does the limbic system operate?

A

By influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system and is highly interconnected with the brains pleasure centre; ; the nucleus accumbens

100
Q

What does the nucleus accumbens have a role in?

A

Sexual arousal and the high experienced with recreational drugs

101
Q

What does the outer endosteal layer of the cranial dura mater do?

A

Lines the interior of the skull, adhering to, and sending blood vessels and fibrous processes into the cranial bones

102
Q

What does the inner meningeal layer of the cranial dura mater do?

A

Envelopes the central nervous system; it continues as tube of dura seen around the spinal cord and provides tubular sheaths for the cranial nerves.

103
Q

Are the two layers of dura mater always fused?

A

In places the inner layer separates from the skull to form dural folds which support the subdivisions of the brain and partially divide the cranial cavity into three areas, the right and left hemispheres and the posterior cranial fossa where the cerebellum lies

104
Q

What is the Falx Cerebri?

A

An arched crescent of dura lying in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres

105
Q

What is the Superior Sagittal Sinus?

A

Where the falx cerebri attaches to the cranium.

106
Q

Where is the Inferior Sagittal Sinus?

A

At the free border of the falx cerebri

107
Q

What is the Tentorium Cerebelli?

A

Dura forming a thick fibrous roof over the posterior cranial fossa and cerebellum

108
Q

Where is the Straight Sinus located?

A

Within the tentorium cerebelli at its attachment to the falx cerebri

109
Q

What is the Tentorial Inscisure?

A

A horseshoe-shaped space between the free concave border of the tentorium and the dorsum sellae of the sphenoid

110
Q

Where is the Transverse Sinus located?

A

Runs along the line of attachment of the tentorium
cerebelli to the occipital bone

111
Q

Where is the Cavernous Sinus located?

A

Lies lateral to the body of the sphenoid

112
Q

Where is the Trigeminal Cave located?

A

Lies next to the apex of the petrous part of the temporal
bone and envelops the roots of the trigeminal nerve

113
Q

What is the Diaphragma Sellae?

A

A small, circular, horizontal fold of dura mater which forms the roof of the pituitary fossa

114
Q

What is the Falx Cerebelli?

A

A small, vertical, sickle-shaped reflection of dura separating the two lobes of the cerebellum

115
Q

What is the foramen of magendie?

A

A midline communication between the IVth ventricle and the subarachnoid space

116
Q

What is the foramen of luschka?

A

A lateral communication between the IVth ventricle and the subarachnoid space

117
Q

Where is the Cerebellomedullary cistern located?

A

Lies in the angle formed by the dorsal surface of the medulla and the inferior surface of the cerebellum

118
Q

Where is the Pontine Cistern located?

A

On the ventral surface of the pons

119
Q

What does the Interpenduncular cistern contain?

A

The Circle of Willis

120
Q

What does the Cistern of the lateral fissure contain?

A

Contains the middle cerebral artery and bridges the lateral sulcus on each side

121
Q

What does the Superior Cistern contain?

A

Contains the great cerebral vein (of Galen) and the pineal gland and is found between the posterior end (splenium) of the corpus callosum and the superior surface of the cerebellum

122
Q

What are the Cisterna Ambiens?

A

Group of subarachnoid cisterns which completely encircle the midbrain

123
Q

What is the PIA Mater?

A

Meningeal layer that forms part of the blood brain barrier

124
Q

What is the Blood brain barrier?

A

The blood brain barrier is a combination of features, unique to the brain and spinal cord that limit the ability of molecules to pass between the blood and the CNS

125
Q

What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?

A

Protect brain tissue from toxic substances

126
Q

What are features of the blood brain barrier?

A
  • Tightly bonded endothelial cells
  • Lack of ‘fenestrations’ in the basement membrane of CNS blood vessels
  • Presence of pericytes, which regulate capillary blood flow, immunity and vascular permeability
  • Astrocytes extend processes called end feet that envelop CNS capillaries and restrict the flow of molecules into the CNS parenchyma
127
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges, typically caused by infection

128
Q

What does the Meningism triad consist of?

A

Headache
Neck stiffness
Photophobia

129
Q

What other symptoms are also present in Meningitis?

A

Nausea/vomiting
Fever

130
Q

What are the differences between Viral and Bacterial Meningitis?

A

Viral meningitis is often mild and self-limiting

Bacterial meningitis requires urgent treatment or will lead to brain damage or death

131
Q

What is an Extradural haemorrhage?

A

Between the skull and dura mater
- strips the dura from the bone and compresses the brain - typically after head injury

132
Q

In an Extradural haemorrhage, where is the haemorrhage from?

A

The meningeal arteries

133
Q

What is a Subdural Haemorrhage?

A

Blood between the dura and arachnoid - appears as crescent on CT head
- typically after high impact injury e.g., car accident

134
Q

What is a Subdural Haemorrhage a result of?

A

Result of tears in the bridging veins (chronic subdural haematoma occurs 4-8 weeks following mild/moderate head injury in the elderly)

135
Q

What is a Subarachnoid Haemorrhage?

A

Blood between the arachnoid and pia mater
- occurs after head injury (traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage or after rupture of a berry aneurysm
- blood surrounds the brain and fills the sulci, predominantly near the site of injury/aneurysm

136
Q

What is the Pathognomic symptom of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage?

A

Sudden severe headache

137
Q

What is a Intracerebral Haemorrhage?

A

Rupture of small vessels and microaneurysms in perforating vessels leading to bleeding within the brain tissue

138
Q

What is the classical location of Intracerebral Haemorrhage?

A

Internal capsule following rupture of the lenticulostriate artery due to high blood pressure

139
Q

What is Amaurosis fugax?

A

Temporary loss of vision to one eye
Part of a carotid plaque breaks off and occludes the
central retinal artery

140
Q

What is Amaurosis fugax a warning of?

A

Warning of thrombus of the internal carotid artery
- potential for an impending stroke

141
Q

Where do the arteries and veins on the surface of the brain lie within?

A

Subarachnoid space, partially hidden by the arachnoid mater

142
Q

What are the superficial cerebral veins easily distinguished by?

A

Dark colour

143
Q

Why are the superficial cerebral veins a dark colour?

A

The fixed and coagulated blood being visible through their thin, fragile walls.

144
Q

Describe features of the superficial cerebral arteries compared to the veins

A

Paler
Thicker, muscular walls
Not so easily torn

145
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

Retards or prevents the passage of some substances from the circulation into the nervous tissue

146
Q

What are 3 possible contributory anatomical elements of the blood brain barrier?

A
  1. The endothelial cells of the capillaries.
  2. The basement membrane, which lies between the endothelial cells and the astrocytic end- feet and is formed from the true basement membrane and the pia.
  3. The astrocytic end-feet themselves.
147
Q

What are the 2 arteries that supply the brain?

A

Internal Carotid
Vertebral Arteries

148
Q

What percentage of the brain arterial supply is from the vertebral artery?

A

20%

149
Q

What percentage of the brain arterial supply is from the internal carotid artery?

A

80%

150
Q

What parts of the brain does the vertebral artery supply?

A

Posterior cerebrum
Contents of the posterior cranial fossa

151
Q

What parts of the brain does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

Anterior and middle parts of the cerebrum
Diencephalon

152
Q

What can points of weakness of the arterial supply lead to?

A

The formation of ‘Berry Aneurysms’

153
Q

What is the principal cause of mortality and morbidity in the Western world?

A

Cerebro-vascular accidents

154
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery arise at?

A

The bifurcation of the Common Carotid at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage

155
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery ascend to?

A

Base of the skull, where it enters the temporal bone to lie in the carotid canal

156
Q

How does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity?

A

Pierces the dura forming the roof of the cavernous sinus

157
Q

When does the internal carotid artery divide into its terminal branches?

A

When it reaches the anterior perforated substance at the medial end of the lateral sulcus

158
Q

What are the terminal branches of the internal carotid artery?

A

Anterior and Medial Cerebral Arteries

159
Q

What is the Anterior Circulation?

A

Part of the cerebral circulation supplied by the anterior and medial cerebral arteries

160
Q

Why is the anterior circulation clinically important?

A

Topographically-specific regions of the precentral and postcentral gyri receive their blood supply via different arteries

161
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Supplies the corpus callosum and the medial aspects of the hemispheres

162
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Supplies the majority of the lateral surface of the hemisphere and the deep structures of the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere

163
Q

How does the middle cerebral artery supply the deep structures of the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Via its anterior perforating branches

164
Q

What is the function of the anterior communicating artery?

A

Connects together the two anterior cerebral arteries and provides anterior perforating branches

165
Q

What is the function of the posterior communicating artery?

A

Connects the internal carotid and vertebro-basilar systems via the posterior cerebral artery

166
Q

What do the central branches of the circle of Willis supply?

A

Deep structures of the hemisphere including the internal capsule

167
Q

What do the vertebral arteries arise from?

A

First part of the subclavian artery

168
Q

What do the vertebral arteries enter the skull through?

A

Foramen magnum

169
Q

Where do the two vertebral arteries unite?

A

Lower border of the pons

170
Q

What do the 2 vertebral arteries unite to form?

A

Basilar artery

171
Q

Where does the basilar artery lie?

A

In the anterior median fissure on the PONS

172
Q

What is usually referred to as the Posterior Circulation?

A

Vertebral arteries + branches
Basilar arteries + branches
Posterior cerebral artery

173
Q

What are the anterior and posterior circulations linked by?

A

Circle of Willis

174
Q

What is a Berry aneurysm?

A

A congenital sac-like out pouching of an intracranial artery

175
Q

What happens when a berry aneurysm ruptures?

A

Results in a subarachnoid or intracerebral haemorrhage

176
Q

Where do berry aneurysms most commonly occur?

A

On the branching points around the circle of Willis particularly the anterior communicating artery which lies in the subarachnoid space

177
Q

What are the 2 different types of strokes?

A

Ischaemic (Intracerebral)
Haemorrhagic (Subarachnoid)

178
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Rapid onset of focal neurological deficit lasting more than 24 hours

179
Q

How long do TIAs take to resolve?

A

Less than 24 hours

180
Q

What is the 3rd most common cause of death worldwide?

A

Strokes

181
Q

Where do the cerebral veins first drain into?

A

Dural venous sinuses

182
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses?

A

Channels formed between the 2 layer of dura mater

183
Q

What are the cerebral veins divided into?

A

Internal and External groups

184
Q

What are the internal cerebral veins?

A

These run within the substance of the brain tissue and end when they reach the surface of the brain where they become external cerebral veins

185
Q

What are the external cerebral veins?

A

These run on the surface of the brain, crossing the subarachnoid space to drain into the dural venous sinuses

186
Q

What is the function of the dural venous sinuses?

A

Connect the major cerebral veins to the internal jugular veins

187
Q

Where can the major venous sinuses be easily identified?

A

Attached borders of the falx cerebri
The tentorium cerebelli
And the floor of the cranial cavity

188
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus located?

A

At the inferior margin of the falx cerebri

189
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?

A

At the superior border of the falx cerebri

190
Q

Where is the straight sinus located?

A

In the midline of the tentorium cerebelli

191
Q

Where is the transverse sinus located?

A

In the posterior fixed margin of the tentorium cerebelli

192
Q

Where is the sigmoid sinus located?

A

A deep groove in the mastoid part of the temporal bone

193
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus located?

A

Beside the body of the sphenoid bone

194
Q

What does the Cavernous sinus contain?

A

5 Cranial Nerves
Internal Carotid Artery

195
Q

Where is the superior petrosal sinus located?

A

In the attached lateral margin of the tentorium cerebelli

196
Q

Where is the inferior petrosal sinus located?

A

In the groove between the petrous temporal bone and the basal part of the occipital bone

197
Q

How do the intracranial venous sinuses and the veins outside the skull communicate?

A

Via a variable number of Emissary Veins

198
Q

What do the Emissary veins represent?

A

A possible route for infection or inflammation to spread into the cranial cavity from outside the skull

199
Q

What are possible causes of Venous Sinus Thrombosis?

A

Rare complication of childbirth
Clotting disorders
Ear infection

200
Q

What does obstruction of venous drainage cause?

A

Cerebral Oedema
Raised intracranial pressure

201
Q

What can brain damage from venous sinus thrombosis present as?

A

Combination of headaches with epileptic seizures
Focal motor deficit
Deterioration in consciousness

202
Q

What does the brain develop from?

A

Hollow neural tube

203
Q

Why are the central spaces important?

A

Important in relation to the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

204
Q

Where is the largest aggregation of choroid plexus?

A

In the lateral ventricles

205
Q

Where is the majority of cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

In the lateral ventricles

206
Q

How does the IVth ventricle communicate with the subarachnoid space?

A

Via the median foramen of Magendie and the lateral foramen of Luschka

207
Q

What is the Choroid plexus?

A

Vascular fold of pia mater covered by an epithelium derived from the ependymal lining of the ventricle

208
Q

What do tight junctions prevent the passage of fluid from?

A

From the extracellular space of the choroid
plexus into the ventricle

209
Q

How is fluid able to pass from the choroid plexus into the ventricle?

A

Via the choroidal cells

210
Q

What constitutes the CSF brain barrier?

A

The ependyma

211
Q

How does resorption of the CSF into the venous drainage of the brain occur?

A

Via tufts of arachnoid mater, called Arachnoid Villi

212
Q

What happens to the Arachnoid Villi with advancing age?

A

They tend to calcify, forming Arachnoid Granulations

213
Q

What does the presence of Arachnoid granulations cause?

A

Cause bone to be resorbed along the internal surface of the cranial vault near the midline, causing small pit-like structures

Neuro (14 decks)

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