12.3 Notes

Question 1

Electroencephalogram

Answer 1

EEG; measures brain activity

Question 2

Electromyogram

Answer 2

EMG; measures muscle tone

Question 3

Electrooculogram

Answer 3

EOG; measures eye movements

Question 4

Polysomnogram

Answer 4

Contains all three measures for sleep: EEG, EMG, EOG

Question 5

What can lack of sleep cause?

Answer 5

Learning disabilities, impaired immune system function, memory problems, mood dysregulation

Question 6

What is sleep important for?

Answer 6

Sleep is important for growth, the immune system functioning, memory, regulating mood, and temperature regulation

Question 7

What was the Freudian belief that sleep is necessary for?

Answer 7

To release sexual urges in that if you did not sleep, you would go crazy

Question 8

Microsleeps

Answer 8

When the brain sleeps for a fraction of a second to a second

Question 9

Short sleepers

Answer 9

Only four hours of sleep are needed

Question 10

Long sleepers

Answer 10

10 or more hours of sleep are needed

Question 11

Average sleepers

Answer 11

Need about eight hours of sleep

Question 12

How many pounds can a person gain after one night of no sleep?

Answer 12

3 pounds

Question 13

How do SSRIs affect sleep?

Answer 13

Almost completely gets rid of REM sleep

Question 14

Slow wave sleep

Answer 14

Deep sleep; immune response; after 30 years old, there is no more of the stage

Question 15

Hypnopompic

Answer 15

After you are awake

Question 16

Hypnagogic

Answer 16

Before you are sleep

Question 17

Brain waves while awake

Answer 17

Rapid; low-voltage; beta waves; best; choppy; desynchronized

Question 18

Brain waves while you are drowsy

Answer 18

Alpha waves; 8 to 12 cps; 75 mV; synchronized; muscle tone decreases

Question 19

Brain waves during stage one sleep

Answer 19

Beta waves; 3 to 7 cps; short, fast waves; desynchronized; muscle tone decreasing; eyes begin slow rolling movements; hypnagogic imagery; Hypnagogic jerks; sleep paralysis

Question 20

Hypnagogic imagery

Answer 20

Static images; if you don’t, you’re falling asleep too quickly

Question 21

Hypnagogic jerk

Answer 21

Waking up suddenly after feeling like you’re falling

Question 22

Sleep paralysis

Answer 22

Cannot move; feelings of terror; possible connection to temporal lobe epilepsy

Question 23

Slow rolling eye movements

Answer 23

One movement every five seconds; eyes move back-and-forth from side to side

Question 24

REM sleep

Answer 24

You become completely paralyzed because of the pons; brain activity looks similar to when you are awake; REM stands for rapid eye movement; five eye movements per second in bursts; muscle tone is nonexistent; paralyzed except for the eyes in inner ear; fast, short weaves; sawtooth waves; dreaming; Breathing, HR, BP becomes fast and irregular; Oxygen, brain metabolism, and blood flow are used more than when you are awake; No control over body temperature; about 25% of your night; males get erections; decreases from infancy to adulthood it, then stable; PGO waves; increased activity in pons, thalamus, occipital lobe, amygdala, and motor cortex; dorsal lateral prefrontal lobe is turned off; very high levels of acetylcholine and no norepinephrine or serotonin

Question 25

What do you need to study sleep?

Answer 25

Electroencephalogram (EE G), electromyogram (EMG), and electrooculogram (EOG) or polysomnogram

Question 26

PGO waves

Answer 26

Pontinegeniculate waves; waves of activity from the pons to the LGN in the thalamus, to the occipital lobe, to the frontal lobe

Question 27

REM sleep behavior disorder

Answer 27

Occurs when the pons inhibition doesn’t work; people actually act out their dreams

Question 28

Activation synthesis

Answer 28

You create a story to make sense of the neurologic to be based on the experiences you have while awake

Question 29

Stage 2 sleep

Answer 29

Characterized by sleep spindles and K complexes; 12 to 14 cps; synchronized; high activity; related to learning; no slow-moving eye movements; Less muscle tone; about 50% of your night

Question 30

K complexes

Answer 30

Sharp upward and sharp downward waves, then back to normal; intrusion of external info and the brain processes it, but the person does not wake up

Question 31

Stage 3 and 4 sleep

Answer 31

Slow wave sleep; huge, tall, swallow waves; half to 2 cps; Synchronized; eyes do not move; some muscle tone, but very relaxed; images may be related to death: caused by the physiological effects

Question 32

How long does each cycle occur?

Answer 32

Approximately 90 minutes

Question 33

What are the levels of neurotransmitters during slow wave sleep?

Answer 33

No acetylcholine; higher levels of norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 34

What are the levels of neurotransmitters during wakefulness?

Answer 34

Moderate levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine

Question 35

How long does it take for your neurotransmitter levels to return to waking levels upon waking up?

Answer 35

Approximately 75 to 90 minutes

Question 36

Locus coeruleas

Answer 36

Norepinephrine

Question 37

Raphe nucleus

Answer 37

Serotonin

Question 38

Pontine reticular formation

Answer 38

Acetylcholine

Question 39

Klein Levin syndrome

Answer 39

Sleeping beauty syndrome; The person will sleep for weeks at a time, only getting up to eat and drink; often it’s weird foods

Question 40

Restless leg syndrome

Answer 40

The urge to kick and move ones legs while they’re trying to fall sleep; can be caused by magnesium deficiency; friends the person from getting deep sleep

Question 41

Cataplexy

Answer 41

Bursts of paralysis during wakefulness as a result of intense emotions

Question 42

Lucid dreaming

Answer 42

Awareness of dream; can control one’s dream; decreased inhibition of the prefrontal cortex