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psy 102 > Lecture 4- Sensation & perception > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Sensation & perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

nervous system detects or encodes information from the environments or our bodies

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2
Q

perception

A

how we give meaning or interpret what our nerve sensations are

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3
Q

transduction

A

physical energy is converted into nervous system activity

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4
Q

perception vs commonalities

A

perception is unique to a person but there are commonalities.
- we dont perceive everything in the world, we miss things and see different things that aren’t necessarily there (illusions)

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5
Q

Themes of perception

A
  1. depends on context
  2. about expectations
  3. is multimodal
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6
Q

what is light

A
  • slither on electromagnetic spectrum (400-700nm)
  • waves or photons
  • objects dont emit light, light reflects off of things to make them visible (reflection)
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7
Q

refraction

A
  • light passes through objects but can bend depending on the material
  • ex: lenses refract light
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8
Q

Lens of the eye

A
  • lens bends (refracts) to focus light onto the retina
  • changes shape
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9
Q

retina

A
  • in the back of the eye
  • has sensory cells that transduce light
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10
Q

ciliary muscles

A
  • muscle that helps change the shape of the lens
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11
Q

accomodation

A

when the ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens

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12
Q

unaccommodated

A
  • when muscles are relaxed, lens in thin and flat
  • unaccommodated is for seeing far away
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13
Q

accommodated

A
  • when ciliary muscles are contracted, the lens is fat and thick
  • to see close up objects
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14
Q

myopia

A
  • nearsightedness
  • object focuses in front of the retina
  • eyeball might be too big for lens
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15
Q

solution to myopia

A

concave lens

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16
Q

hyperopia

A
  • farsightedness
  • objects focus behind retina
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17
Q

solution to hyperopia

A

fixed by convex lens (bends light inwards)

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18
Q

macula

A

centre of retina

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19
Q

cones

A
  • middle of the eye
  • conical shape
  • used to see color and detail
  • three kinds of cones
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20
Q

rods

A
  • peripheral
  • rod shaped
  • show dark vs light
  • shows motion
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21
Q

trichromatic theory of colour vision

A

you need all three cones to see colour.
it is the combination of cone activity that influences our colour vision
- blue cones respond to blue light but not only blue light.

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22
Q

colour contrast

A
  • colour can depend on their backgrounds and context.
  • the way we see colour can be affected by what they are in contrast to.
  • the same colour can look different when compared to a light colour vs a dark colour
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23
Q

colour constancy

A
  • when colour should stay the same to us even when they are seen in different lightings
  • the colour we see is physically different in different lightings but our brains integrate the context and what w know about their properties so that they do not physically change in our minds.
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24
Q

illuminant

A

the lighting conditions that we understand or imagine
- our brains can expect to see certain illuminant and create shadows
- this is a reason for seeing the dress differently

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25
Q

Dress debate

A
  • if you the imagine the illuminant as yellow then the dress appears as gold and white
  • perception depends on context
26
Q

gestalt laws

A

gesalt= whole (about expectation)
- proximity
- similarity
- continuity
- closure

27
Q

proximity

A

perceive groups near each other as grouped together

28
Q

similarity

A

perceive similar objects in groups
- can tell the difference of teams by grouping players in the same colour jersey together

29
Q

continuity

A

perceive stimuli as single uninterrupted objects
- if a bridge is on top of railroad tracks we assume that the tracks continue under it even if we cant see it
- fill in the gaps where there are gaps in lines

30
Q

closure

A
  • perceive stimuli as whole entities/shapes even if there is something missing
  • see a peacock in the nbc logo even thought its not really drawn out
31
Q

monocular depth cues

A

only need one eye to perceive depth
- linear perspective
- relative height
- relative size
- familiar size
- aerial perspective
- motion parallex

32
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines converge in the distance but diverge closer to us.
- looks like they are connecting in distance even though they continue to be parallel

33
Q

relative height

A

faraway objects are higher in our view than closer objects

34
Q

relative size

A

nearby objects appear larger than objects in the distance

35
Q

familiar size

A

we have prior knowledge of the size of an and how it should appear relative to other objects

36
Q

aerial perspective

A

distant objects appear more hazy because light is scattered by atmosphere

37
Q

motion parallex

A

when in motion, objects that are farther away seem to be moving slower than objects that are closer to us
- difference in parallax is how we tell how far away something is

38
Q

two eyes for depth

A

eyes dont occupy the same space so the brain puts both views together because they are slightly different

39
Q

binocular disparity

A

image on the left retina is different from that in the right

40
Q

stereopsis

A

we can see depth because of binocular disparity

41
Q

Multimodal

A

we perceive objects through more than one mode of sense
- mcgurk effect

42
Q

Mcgurk effect

A

we hear speech through our years but the seeing how someones mouth moves as they speak also has an effect on how we hear

43
Q

amplitude

A

related to loudness

44
Q

frequency

A
  • cycles per second
  • related to pitch
  • can hear 20 to 20 000 Hz
45
Q

decibels (dB)

A
  • ratio scales, can be used to describe any ratio of any value
46
Q

dB sound pressure level (SPL)

A

-physical experience
- not the same as loudness (mental experience)
- can hear -10 to 140 dB SPL

47
Q

dB sound pressure level (SPL)

A

-physical experience
- not the same as loudness (mental experience)
- can hear -10 to 140 dB SPL

48
Q

pinna

A
  • funnels sound to ear canal
  • top outside part of ear (where cartilage piercing would be)
49
Q

ear canal

A

sends sound down

50
Q

ossicles

A
  • smallest bones
  • set of bones called the middle ear
51
Q

ear drum

A

vibrates as sound hits it

52
Q

cochlea

A
  • sensory cells detect sound and send it to auditory nerve
  • fluid filled chamber s
  • breaks down sound into high and low pitches
53
Q

apex

A

part of cochlea that is responsible for low pitches (20Hz)

54
Q

base

A
  • cochlea part that has high pitches (20000 Hz)
55
Q

basilar membrane

A

sensory cells sit on top of it
- it is the straight line down the middle of cochlea
- it vibrates as sound passes through

56
Q

tectorial membrane motion

A
  • membrane that sits on top of basilar
  • moves left to right at the same time as basilar vibrates
57
Q

hair cells

A
  • detect and transduce mechanical vibrations of membranes
  • responsible for transduction in the ear
58
Q

how it all works together in the ear

A

up and down motion of basilar work with left to right motion of tectorial create a shearing force with allows hair cells to vibrate and transduce sound into signals that the brain understands

59
Q

auditory cortex

A
  • temporal lobe
60
Q

how multimodal perception works

A

visual brain influences speech processing in the auditory brain areas and multi-sensory areas (posterior superior temporal sulcus)
- hearing and vision interact (explain mcgurk effect)

psy 102 (8 decks)

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