Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PE IGCSE > 1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system > Flashcards

1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway of air composed of?

A
  • mouth/nose
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • The lungs
  • alveoli
  • Intercostal muscles
  • rib cage
  • the diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the pathway of the air?

A
  1. Air breathed in via the mouth or nose which goes down the trachea
  2. the trachea splits into 2 bronchi. 1 to each lung
  3. bronchi split smaller and smaller into bronchioles
  4. Bronchioles have small air sacs - alveoli - at the end
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are the alveoli adapted for their function?

A
  • large surface area of alveoli
  • moist thin walls (one cell thick) - makes diffusion easy
  • short distance for diffusion (short diffusion
    pathway)
  • lots of capillaries so large (good) blood supply
  • movement of gas from high concentration
    to low concentration.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pathways of oxygen and then carbon dioxide in gaseous exchange?

A

O2 –> air –> alveoli –> blood
CO2 –> blood –> alveoli –> air –> breathed out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the oxygen get into the blood?

A

The oxygen moves into the blood by passing first through the very thin walls of the air sacs and then into the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs in the body and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs. (haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the process of gaseous exchange?

A

alveoli –> capillaries –> muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What concentration do the gases in gaseous exchange go from too?

A

high –> low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is it the name for when you breath in and out?

A

inspiration –> in
Expiration –> out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Viens
  • Capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart under high pressure (oxygenated blood) except the pulmonary artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the structure of the arteries like?

A
  • thick muscular wall
  • lumen; cavity inside containing blood (small)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens in the arteries during sport?

A

In sport, Hr increases because muscles need more O2 ( for energy), blood flow has to increase. Walls of arteries contract/relax (helps regulate blood pressure), lumen widens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls?

A

They need to be able to withstand the high pressure released from the heart during the process of pumping the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do arteries have small lumen?

A

ensure this pressure is maintained as the blood is transported around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood towards the heart under low pressure. Blood usually, deoxygenated, except the pulmonary vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

They have valves to stop backflow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of veins during sport?

A

In sport, ‘re-cycle’ blood bringing deoxygenated blood back to heart –> lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A
  • wider lumen
  • Thinner wall
  • valves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why do veins have a wider lumen?

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart, away from tissues at low pressure so the lumen is large.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why do veins have thinner walls?

A

Blood flow through vein does not exert pressure on the walls of veins. Due to this, they do not need thick walls. Hence, veins have thin walls as compared to arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do the capillaries do?

A

They are the link between arteries and veins –> move blood between the 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of capillaries during sport?

A

In sport, very important as allow gaseous exchange to occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of capillaries during sport?

A

In sport, very important as allow gaseous exchange to occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the structure of a capillary?

A
  • it is overall very small
  • one cell thick to allow quick diffusion
  • small lumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the average blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is systolic?

A

As the heart contracts. It is normal 120mmHg or lower and it is the pressure exerted when blood is ejected into the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Diastolic?

A

As the heart relaxes. Pressure blood exerts within arteries in between heart beats. Normal 80mmHg or lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do working muscles need more blood when exercising?

A

They need more blood because RBC’s with attached O2 molecule move there as they used in respiration to to create energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why does blood get redistributed during exercise?

A

The working muscles require energy and therefore more O2. The blood is redistributed away from inactive (e.g. the digestive system) and to the active area (the working muscles) - blood pressure increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens to the inactive areas during exercise?

A

Vasoconstriction occurs –> blood vessels constrict (narrow) to decrease blood flow and supply.

31
Q

What happens to the active areas during exercise?

A

Vasodilation occurs –> Blood vessels dilate (widen) to increase blood flow and supply. More blood = more O2

32
Q

What is the role and function of the Vena Cava?

A

Vein bringing deoxygenated blood back to heart –> lungs

33
Q

What is the role and function of the Aorta

A

Artery moving oxygenated blood away –> left ventricle –> working muscle thicker wall –> blood travel further

34
Q

What is the role and function of the Pulmonary Artery?

A

deoxygenated blood in –> right ventricle –> lungs –> pick up O2

35
Q

What is the role and function of the Pulmonary vein?

A

Oxygenated blood in from lungs –> left atrium

36
Q

What is the role and function of the Semi lunar valve?

A

separates ventricles from pulmonary artery and vein

37
Q

What is the role and function of the tricuspid valve?

A

Right side between ventricle and atrium

38
Q

What is the role and function of the bicuspid valve?

A

Left side between ventricle and atrium

39
Q

What is the role and function of the right atrium?

A

Deoxygenated blood in from vena cava

40
Q

What is the role and function of the septum?

A

wall that divides 2 sides

41
Q

What is the role and function of the left atrium?

A

oxygenated blood –> pulmonary vein

42
Q

What is the role and function of the right ventricle?

A

deoxygenated blood from right atrium

43
Q

What is the role and function of the left ventricle?

A

oxygenated blood from left atrium

44
Q

How can you remember the direction of blood?

A

Artery’s - AWAY from the hear ( except the pulmonary artery)
Veins- back to the heart

45
Q

Why does heart rate increase during exercise?

A

To maintain the supply of oxygen to the working muscles

46
Q

What does it mean if the heart is a double pump?

A

The first pump carries deoxygenated blood to your lungs, where it unloads carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. It then delivers oxygenated blood back to your heart. The second pump delivers oxygenated blood to every part of your body.

47
Q

Why does the heart beat (contract and relax)?

A

to move blood to the lungs and working muscles

48
Q

What is systole?

A

When the heart contracts –> pumps blood

49
Q

What is Diastole?

A

When the heart relaxes –> heart fills with blood

50
Q

Where does the cardiac cycle start?

A

Right ventricle

51
Q

Give the order of the cardiac cycle

A

This is what happens when your heart beats:
1. Deoxygenated blood is ejected from the right atrium
2. into the right ventricle. It relaxes to fill with blood, then contracts
3. Sending blood (through valves) to the pulmonary artery
4. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood (under high pressure) away from the heart, to the lungs.
5. Gaseous exchange occurs. (on the alveoli) and the blood is now oxygenated
6. The oxygenated blood is now carried via the pulmonary vein (under lower pressure) back to the heart, to the left atrium
7. the left atrium relaxes and fills with blood
8. The oxygenated blood then moves (through valves) to the left ventricle. The left ventricle then contracts….
9. Sending blood (oxygenated) to the aorta.
10. The aorta then carries the oxygenated blood way form the left ventricle to working muscles.

52
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of time your heart beats in a minutes. (contracts and relaxes) Average is 60-80 bpm (peats per minute)

53
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount/volume of blood that leaves the heart via the left ventricle per beat/contraction (measured in ml)

54
Q

What is cardiac output (Q)?

A

is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart (left ventricle) in one minute.

55
Q

What happens with their is an increase in heart rate or stroke volume?

A

There will be an increase in cardiac output.

56
Q

What is the equation to work out cardiac output?

A

Q = HR x SV

57
Q

What is an anticipatory rise?

A

When you are about begin exercising, your heart rate will likely increase before you begin moving. The anticipatory rise is the mind’s response to the body’s need to prepare for exercise.

57
Q

What causes an anticipatory rise?

A

It is due to a release of adrenaline and the expected start of exercise increasing HR –> O2 delivery

58
Q

A graph showing heart rate or exercise intensities: what does it usually show at the start?

A

First the athlete is resting, then there will be an increase in heart rate due to the anticipatory rise. Then describe the exercise.

59
Q

What body parts take part in breathing?

A
  • intercostal muscles
  • rib cage
  • Diaphragm
60
Q

What assure expiration and inspiration can occur?

A

Due to change in pressure inside the lungs and outside the body

61
Q

Explain what happens (at rest) during inspiration (breathing in)?

A
  • intercostal muscles between the ribs contract.
  • The diaphragm moves downward and flattens.
  • The pressure in the lungs is less than the pressure outside the body
  • so as the chest cavity expands - the lungs fill with air.
62
Q

Explain what happens (at rest) during expiration (breathing out)?

A
  • It is the opposite to inspiration
  • The diaphragm relaxes and rises to it’s ‘dome’ shape.
  • Intercostal muscles relax and rib cage moves downwards
  • The pressure in the lungs is greater than the pressure outside the body
  • So as the chest cavity reduces in size - air is expelled
  • Breathing out is passive
63
Q

What changes to the mechanics of breathing during exercise?

A

The process is exactly the same, but the body provides more assistance with the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid more active. The abdominals are also more prominent

64
Q

Explain what happens (While exercise) during expiration (breathing out)?

A
  • The chest cavity increase in size further allowing more air into the lungs as the pectorals help pull the rib cage further out and the sternocleidomastoid (basically behind the ear, running down the neck) lifts the sternum up and so rib cage up and out.
65
Q

Explain what happens (While exercise) during inspiration (breathing in)?

A
  • The abs assist in pulling the rib cage down more quickly
  • This helps expel air at a higher, faster rate
66
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

The number of breathes taken in a minute (normally) Average 12-20. Aka respiration rate

67
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount/volume of air that is breathed in or out during a normal breathe whilst resting.

68
Q

What is expiratory reverse volume?

A

The additional air that can forcibly be exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.

69
Q

What is inspiratory reverse volume?

A

The additional air that can forcibly be inhaled after the inspiration of normal tidal volume.

70
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration.

71
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

It is designed to measure lung volumes, or lung capacity ( the amount of air the lungs can hold) The spirometer is a chamber filled with oxygen floating in water

72
Q

What happens when you breath into or out of a spirometer?

A

IN –> Sinks
OUT –> Floats

73
Q

During exercise what happens to the rate and depth of breathing?

A

The rate of breathing is faster and the depth of breathing is heavier

74
Q

Why does the breathing get faster and heavier during exercise?

A

To allow more air in. Air contains O2, soo ore can go to working muscles and also allows more CO2 to be breathed out (expired).

PE IGCSE (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions