1.1 The structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards
Name the 14 bones in the body:
- Cranium
- vertebrae
- humerus
- sternum
- radius
- ulna
- femur
- patella
- fibula
- tibia
- talus
- scapula
- Ribs
- pelvis
What bones are at the neck?
cranium and vertebrae
What bones are at the shoulder?
scapula and humerus
What bones are at the chest?
ribs and humerus
What bones are at the elbow and where are they each positioned?
humerus (longest), radius and ulna (the ulna is located on the pinky side and the radius on your thumb side)
What bones are at the hip?
Pelvis and femur
What bones are at the knee?
femur and tibia, the patella sits in front of
the knee joint)
What bones are at the ankle?
tibia (Larger bones on inside), fibula (Smaller bones on outside) and talus.
What are the 6 functions of the skeleton
- support
- storage of minerals
- structural shape and points for muscle attachment
- movement
- protection
- blood cell production
SiMP SiMP
How does the skeletal system provide support?
The bones are solid and rigid (unable to bend). They keep us upright and hold the rest of the body (the muscles and organs) in place.
How does the skeletal system provide protection?
Flat bones protect vital ograns. Bones in the cranium protect the brain, the ribs ad sternum protects the heart and lungs.
How does the skeletal system provide movement?
The skeleton provides anchorage points for the muscles to pull against. Movement occurs at a joint which is a place where 2 or more bones meet. Movement occurs by muscles pulling on bones when the muscle contracts.
How does the skeletal system provide structural shape and a point for attachment?
The skeleton gives us our general shape, such as height and build. Tall people have long leg bones and larger vertebrae. The skeleton also provides anchorage points for the muscles to attach, so when they contract we move.
How does the skeletal system provide mineral storage?
Bones store minerals, namely calcium and phosphorous. They are vital for strong bones.
How does the skeletal system provide blood cell production?
The inner marrow of the long bones and ribs produces red and white blood cells as well as platelets. Red blood cells are important in activities because they carry oxygen to the working muscles. White blood cells are important to fight off inflections in order to keep healthy. Platelets help clotting a cut.
What are the different shapes and types of bones?
- long bones
- short bones
- irregular bones
- flat bones
What is the purpose of short bones?
Short bones carry out small or fine movement. e.g. a wrist spinner bowling in cricket.
What is the purpose of long bones?
They are the bones of the arms and legs and they support the weight of the body and help with large or gross movements
What is the purpose of irregular bones?
What is the purpose of flat bones?
Name the 13 muscles you need to know in the body:
- Rotator cuffs
- Pectorals
- Biceps
- Abdominals
- Hip flexors
- Quadriceps (group)
- Hamstring (group)
- Tibialis anterior
- Deltoid
- Triceps
- Latissimus dorsi
- gluteals
- gastrocnemius
What is the large muscle in the middle of the back?
Latissimus dorsi
What is the muscles in the shoulder?
Deltoid
What muscles is located in the shoulder and helps with football throw ins?
Rotator cuffs
What muscle is the largest muscles on the chest?
pectoral
What muscles is located in the front of the upper arm?
Biceps
What muscle is located in the back of the upper arm?
triceps
What are the core muscles in the front of the trunk?
Abdominals
What muscles if located in the top of the leg and is responsible for the flexion of the hip?
Hip flexors
What are the large muscles located in the buttocks?
Gluteals
what is the muscle group in the back of the upper leg?
hamstring groups
what is the muscle group in the front of the upper leg?
quadricep groups
What is the muscles of the calf?
Gastrocnemius
What muscle is located next to the tibia in the front of the lower leg?
Tibilais anterior
What is the role of a tendon?
Attaches muscle to bone
What is a synovial joint?
Where 2 or more bones meet within a joint capsule and allows a wide range of movements to occur
List parts of the synovial joints:
- bone
- muscle
- cartilage
- bursa
- synovial membrane
- ligament
- joint capsule
- synovial fluid
What is a cartilage?
a tough elastic fibrous connective tissue
What are ligament?
tough, flexible tissue that stabilises the joint. connects bones together.
What is a tendon?
a tough, flexible fibrous tissue that joins muscle to bone
What is the role of cartilage in a joint?
acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction. less friction means less wear and tear
What is the role of ligaments in a joint?
connects bone to bone, stabilising the join. Absorbs some impact and prevents dislocation
What is the role of tendons in a joint?
connects muscle to bone and so allows movement to occur
What is the role of bursae in a joint?
Acts as a cushion and reduces friction
What is the role of joint capsule in a joint?
seals the joint and provides stability
What is the role of synovial membrane in a joint?
secretes synovial fluid to keep joint lubricated
How does a synovial joint prevent injury?
- acts as a shock absorber
- Helps preventing friction and wear and tear
- Waste removal
What are the two types of synovial joints you need to know?
- Ball and socket
- Hinge
What are the characteristic of a synovial joint?
- freely moveable
- bones that ‘meet’ covered in cartilage at end
- connected by joint capsule
- lubricated by synovial joint
- the bursae acts as a ‘cushion’
Which type of synovial joint can move more freely?
ball and socket
how many planes can a ball and socket move in?
3 planes
What is the role of tendons in a joint?
1 plane
What movement does a synovial joint allow?
Movement that is like opening and closing a door:
- extension and flexion
- plantar and dorsi flexion (ankle only)
What are some examples of hinge joints?
- elbow - formed between the humerus (upper arm) and radius (lower arm)
- Knee - formed between the femur (upper leg) and tibia. the patella sits in front of the femur
- Ankle - formed between the tibia, fibula and talus in the foot
What movement does a ball and socket joint allow?
- flexion and extension
- rotation
- circumduction
- abduction and adduction
What are some examples of ball and socket joint?
- hip - formed between the femur and the pelvis
- the shoulder - formed between the humerus and scapula
How do the bones move?
They move via muscle attachment via tendons. The muscles PULL on the bones.
What is defined as movement way from mid-line of body?
Abduction
What is an example of abduction in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
synovial joint: ball and socket joint
Examples:
Hip : gymnast performing a straddle
shoulder : performing a crucifix in gymnastics (where you raise you arms out to the side) or A backhand in tennis
What is defined as movement towards the mid-line of the body?
Adduction
What is an example of abduction in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
synovial joint: ball and socket joint
Examples:
Shoulder: A forehand in tennis
hip: cross over leg when throwing a javelin
What is defined as movement of the foot downwards away from the ankle?
Plantar flexion
What is an example of plantar flexion in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
synovial joint: hinge joint
Examples:
Ankles: pointing toes when bouncing on a trampoline
What is defined as movement of the foot upwards towards the shin?
Dorsi flexion
What is an example of Dorsi flexion in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
synovial joint ; hinge joint
Examples:
Ankles: foot of lead leg when hurdling.
What is defined as the circular movement at a joint in the shape of a cone, allows 360 degrees movement
Circumduction
What is an example of circumduction in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
synovial : ball and socket joint
Examples:
Shoulder: actions at shoulder when swimming butterfly
hip : a step over in football
What is defined as the the movement of a bone as it rotates around its longitudinal axis?
Rotation
What is an example of rotation in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
Synovial joint : ball and socket joint
Examples:
Shoulders: swimming front crawl, bowling in cricket
Hip: When driving a golf ball
What is defined as decreasing the angle at a joint?
Flexion
What is an example of flexion in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
Synovial joint: Hinge and ball and socket joint
Examples:
Elbow: Downward phase of press up, preparation phase of football throw in.
Shoulder: end of bowl in softball
Knee: Preparing to kick a ball, running, squat down
Hip: leg moving from long jumper land and when running.
What is defined as increasing the angle at a joint?
Extension
What is an example of extension in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
Synovial joint : hinge joint and ball and socket joint
Examples:
Elbow: Release phase of football throw in, upwards phase of press up
Knee: Follow through after kicking a ball, squat up
Hip: leg moving upwards and forwards when running, follow through in kicking ball.
Shoulder: arm movement of simmer backwards prior to dive out start
What is an antagonistic pair?
They are 2 muscles that work together to bring movement. As one muscles contracts, the opposing muscles relaxes, allowing the contracting muscles to pull on the bone ( via attachment with a tendon)
What do antagonistic pairs allow?
They allow for movement in 2 directions.
Do muscles pull or push on bones?
The muscles pull on the bones they don’t push.
What are the names for the 2 different muscles in the antagonistic pairs?
- agonist
- antagonist
What is the agonist?
The agonist is the prime mover. This is the muscles that works to control movement. This muscle contracts.
What is the antagonist?
The antagonist is the muscle that works opposite the agonist. This muscle relaxes
What are the names of the 2 different types of muscle contrations?
- isometric
- isotonic
What is an isometric contraction?
Where the muscle is contracted, but the length remains the same e.g. holding a handstand
What is an isotonic contraction?
The muscle moves under pressure. It shortens and lengths. e.g. a tricep extension, press up.
What is the name of the concraction that occurs when the muscles shortens?
Concentric
What is the name of the contraction that occurs when the lengthens?
Eccentric
An example of an antagonistic pair is a bicep and tricep give the following:
- type of synovial joint
- where the movement occurs
- And the type of movement that occurs at the joint
- Hinge
- at the elbow
- Flexion –> extension
An example of an antagonistic pair is a quadriceps and hamstring give the following:
- type of synovial joint
- where the movement occurs
- And the type of movement that occurs at the joint
- Hinge
- Knee
- Flexion –> extension
An example of an antagonistic pair is a Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior give the following:
- type of synovial joint
- where the movement occurs
- And the type of movement that occurs at the joint
- Hinge
- Ankle
- Plantar flexion –> dorsi flexion
An example of an antagonistic pair is a hip flexors and glueteals give the following:
- type of synovial joint
- where the movement occurs
- And the type of movement that occurs at the joint
- Ball and Socket
- Hip
- Flexion –> extension
An example of an antagonistic pair is a deltoid and Latissimus dorsi give the following:
- type of synovial joint
- where the movement occurs
- And the type of movement that occurs at the joint
- NA
- Shoulder
- Flexion –> Extension
What are the associated movements - Rotator cuffs
Rotation at shoulder
What are the associated movements - Pectorals
Adduction of the arm
What are the associated movements - biceps
flexion of the arm
What are the associated movements - abdominals
Flexion of the trunk/vertebrae
What are the associated movements - Hip flexors
flexion of leg at the hip
What are the associated movements - Quadriceps
Extension of the leg at the knee ( involved in circumducution )
What are the associated movements - Tibilias Anterior
Dorsi flexion of the ankle
What are the associated movements - Deltoid
Abduction of the arm
What are the associated movements - Triceps
Extension of the arm
What are the associated movements - Latissimus Dorsi
Adduction at the shoulder
What are the associated movements - gluteals
Extension of leg at hip
What are the associated movements - hamstrings
Flexion of leg at the knee
What are the associated movements - gastrocnemius
Plantar flexion of the ankle
