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PE IGCSE > 1.1 The structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

1.1 The structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 14 bones in the body:

A
  1. Cranium
  2. vertebrae
  3. humerus
  4. sternum
  5. radius
  6. ulna
  7. femur
  8. patella
  9. fibula
  10. tibia
  11. talus
  12. scapula
  13. Ribs
  14. pelvis
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2
Q

What bones are at the neck?

A

cranium and vertebrae

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3
Q

What bones are at the shoulder?

A

scapula and humerus

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4
Q

What bones are at the chest?

A

ribs and humerus

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5
Q

What bones are at the elbow and where are they each positioned?

A

humerus (longest), radius and ulna (the ulna is located on the pinky side and the radius on your thumb side)

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6
Q

What bones are at the hip?

A

Pelvis and femur

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7
Q

What bones are at the knee?

A

femur and tibia, the patella sits in front of
the knee joint)

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8
Q

What bones are at the ankle?

A

tibia (Larger bones on inside), fibula (Smaller bones on outside) and talus.

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9
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton

A
  • support
  • storage of minerals
  • structural shape and points for muscle attachment
  • movement
  • protection
  • blood cell production

SiMP SiMP

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10
Q

How does the skeletal system provide support?

A

The bones are solid and rigid (unable to bend). They keep us upright and hold the rest of the body (the muscles and organs) in place.

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11
Q

How does the skeletal system provide protection?

A

Flat bones protect vital ograns. Bones in the cranium protect the brain, the ribs ad sternum protects the heart and lungs.

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12
Q

How does the skeletal system provide movement?

A

The skeleton provides anchorage points for the muscles to pull against. Movement occurs at a joint which is a place where 2 or more bones meet. Movement occurs by muscles pulling on bones when the muscle contracts.

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13
Q

How does the skeletal system provide structural shape and a point for attachment?

A

The skeleton gives us our general shape, such as height and build. Tall people have long leg bones and larger vertebrae. The skeleton also provides anchorage points for the muscles to attach, so when they contract we move.

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14
Q

How does the skeletal system provide mineral storage?

A

Bones store minerals, namely calcium and phosphorous. They are vital for strong bones.

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15
Q

How does the skeletal system provide blood cell production?

A

The inner marrow of the long bones and ribs produces red and white blood cells as well as platelets. Red blood cells are important in activities because they carry oxygen to the working muscles. White blood cells are important to fight off inflections in order to keep healthy. Platelets help clotting a cut.

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16
Q

What are the different shapes and types of bones?

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • irregular bones
  • flat bones
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17
Q

What is the purpose of short bones?

A

Short bones carry out small or fine movement. e.g. a wrist spinner bowling in cricket.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of long bones?

A

They are the bones of the arms and legs and they support the weight of the body and help with large or gross movements

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19
Q

What is the purpose of irregular bones?

A
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20
Q

What is the purpose of flat bones?

A
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21
Q

Name the 13 muscles you need to know in the body:

A
  • Rotator cuffs
  • Pectorals
  • Biceps
  • Abdominals
  • Hip flexors
  • Quadriceps (group)
  • Hamstring (group)
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Deltoid
  • Triceps
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • gluteals
  • gastrocnemius
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22
Q

What is the large muscle in the middle of the back?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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23
Q

What is the muscles in the shoulder?

A

Deltoid

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24
Q

What muscles is located in the shoulder and helps with football throw ins?

A

Rotator cuffs

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25
Q

What muscle is the largest muscles on the chest?

A

pectoral

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26
Q

What muscles is located in the front of the upper arm?

A

Biceps

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27
Q

What muscle is located in the back of the upper arm?

A

triceps

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28
Q

What are the core muscles in the front of the trunk?

A

Abdominals

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29
Q

What muscles if located in the top of the leg and is responsible for the flexion of the hip?

A

Hip flexors

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30
Q

What are the large muscles located in the buttocks?

A

Gluteals

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31
Q

what is the muscle group in the back of the upper leg?

A

hamstring groups

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32
Q

what is the muscle group in the front of the upper leg?

A

quadricep groups

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33
Q

What is the muscles of the calf?

A

Gastrocnemius

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34
Q

What muscle is located next to the tibia in the front of the lower leg?

A

Tibilais anterior

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35
Q

What is the role of a tendon?

A

Attaches muscle to bone

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36
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Where 2 or more bones meet within a joint capsule and allows a wide range of movements to occur

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37
Q

List parts of the synovial joints:

A
  • bone
  • muscle
  • cartilage
  • bursa
  • synovial membrane
  • ligament
  • joint capsule
  • synovial fluid
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38
Q

What is a cartilage?

A

a tough elastic fibrous connective tissue

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39
Q

What are ligament?

A

tough, flexible tissue that stabilises the joint. connects bones together.

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40
Q

What is a tendon?

A

a tough, flexible fibrous tissue that joins muscle to bone

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41
Q

What is the role of cartilage in a joint?

A

acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction. less friction means less wear and tear

42
Q

What is the role of ligaments in a joint?

A

connects bone to bone, stabilising the join. Absorbs some impact and prevents dislocation

43
Q

What is the role of tendons in a joint?

A

connects muscle to bone and so allows movement to occur

44
Q

What is the role of bursae in a joint?

A

Acts as a cushion and reduces friction

45
Q

What is the role of joint capsule in a joint?

A

seals the joint and provides stability

46
Q

What is the role of synovial membrane in a joint?

A

secretes synovial fluid to keep joint lubricated

47
Q

How does a synovial joint prevent injury?

A
  • acts as a shock absorber
  • Helps preventing friction and wear and tear
  • Waste removal
48
Q

What are the two types of synovial joints you need to know?

A
  • Ball and socket
  • Hinge
49
Q

What are the characteristic of a synovial joint?

A
  • freely moveable
  • bones that ‘meet’ covered in cartilage at end
  • connected by joint capsule
  • lubricated by synovial joint
  • the bursae acts as a ‘cushion’
50
Q

Which type of synovial joint can move more freely?

A

ball and socket

51
Q

how many planes can a ball and socket move in?

A

3 planes

52
Q

What is the role of tendons in a joint?

A

1 plane

53
Q

What movement does a synovial joint allow?

A

Movement that is like opening and closing a door:
- extension and flexion
- plantar and dorsi flexion (ankle only)

54
Q

What are some examples of hinge joints?

A
  • elbow - formed between the humerus (upper arm) and radius (lower arm)
  • Knee - formed between the femur (upper leg) and tibia. the patella sits in front of the femur
  • Ankle - formed between the tibia, fibula and talus in the foot
55
Q

What movement does a ball and socket joint allow?

A
  • flexion and extension
  • rotation
  • circumduction
  • abduction and adduction
56
Q

What are some examples of ball and socket joint?

A
  • hip - formed between the femur and the pelvis
  • the shoulder - formed between the humerus and scapula
57
Q

How do the bones move?

A

They move via muscle attachment via tendons. The muscles PULL on the bones.

58
Q

What is defined as movement way from mid-line of body?

A

Abduction

59
Q

What is an example of abduction in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?

A

synovial joint: ball and socket joint
Examples:
Hip : gymnast performing a straddle
shoulder : performing a crucifix in gymnastics (where you raise you arms out to the side) or A backhand in tennis

60
Q

What is defined as movement towards the mid-line of the body?

A

Adduction

61
Q

What is an example of abduction in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?

A

synovial joint: ball and socket joint
Examples:
Shoulder: A forehand in tennis
hip: cross over leg when throwing a javelin

62
Q

What is defined as movement of the foot downwards away from the ankle?

A

Plantar flexion

63
Q

What is an example of plantar flexion in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?

A

synovial joint: hinge joint
Examples:
Ankles: pointing toes when bouncing on a trampoline

64
Q

What is defined as movement of the foot upwards towards the shin?

A

Dorsi flexion

65
Q

What is an example of Dorsi flexion in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?

A

synovial joint ; hinge joint
Examples:
Ankles: foot of lead leg when hurdling.

66
Q

What is defined as the circular movement at a joint in the shape of a cone, allows 360 degrees movement

A

Circumduction

67
Q

What is an example of circumduction in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?

A

synovial : ball and socket joint
Examples:
Shoulder: actions at shoulder when swimming butterfly
hip : a step over in football

68
Q

What is defined as the the movement of a bone as it rotates around its longitudinal axis?

A

Rotation

68
Q

What is an example of rotation in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?

A

Synovial joint : ball and socket joint
Examples:
Shoulders: swimming front crawl, bowling in cricket
Hip: When driving a golf ball

69
Q

What is defined as decreasing the angle at a joint?

A

Flexion

70
Q

What is an example of flexion in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?

A

Synovial joint: Hinge and ball and socket joint
Examples:
Elbow: Downward phase of press up, preparation phase of football throw in.
Shoulder: end of bowl in softball
Knee: Preparing to kick a ball, running, squat down
Hip: leg moving from long jumper land and when running.

71
Q

What is defined as increasing the angle at a joint?

A

Extension

72
Q

What is an example of extension in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?

A

Synovial joint : hinge joint and ball and socket joint
Examples:
Elbow: Release phase of football throw in, upwards phase of press up
Knee: Follow through after kicking a ball, squat up
Hip: leg moving upwards and forwards when running, follow through in kicking ball.
Shoulder: arm movement of simmer backwards prior to dive out start

73
Q

What is an antagonistic pair?

A

They are 2 muscles that work together to bring movement. As one muscles contracts, the opposing muscles relaxes, allowing the contracting muscles to pull on the bone ( via attachment with a tendon)

74
Q

What do antagonistic pairs allow?

A

They allow for movement in 2 directions.

75
Q

Do muscles pull or push on bones?

A

The muscles pull on the bones they don’t push.

76
Q

What are the names for the 2 different muscles in the antagonistic pairs?

A
  • agonist
  • antagonist
77
Q

What is the agonist?

A

The agonist is the prime mover. This is the muscles that works to control movement. This muscle contracts.

78
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

The antagonist is the muscle that works opposite the agonist. This muscle relaxes

79
Q

What are the names of the 2 different types of muscle contrations?

A
  • isometric
  • isotonic
80
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Where the muscle is contracted, but the length remains the same e.g. holding a handstand

81
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

The muscle moves under pressure. It shortens and lengths. e.g. a tricep extension, press up.

82
Q

What is the name of the concraction that occurs when the muscles shortens?

A

Concentric

83
Q

What is the name of the contraction that occurs when the lengthens?

A

Eccentric

84
Q

An example of an antagonistic pair is a bicep and tricep give the following:
- type of synovial joint
- where the movement occurs
- And the type of movement that occurs at the joint

A
  • Hinge
  • at the elbow
  • Flexion –> extension
85
Q

An example of an antagonistic pair is a quadriceps and hamstring give the following:
- type of synovial joint
- where the movement occurs
- And the type of movement that occurs at the joint

A
  • Hinge
  • Knee
  • Flexion –> extension
86
Q

An example of an antagonistic pair is a Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior give the following:
- type of synovial joint
- where the movement occurs
- And the type of movement that occurs at the joint

A
  • Hinge
  • Ankle
  • Plantar flexion –> dorsi flexion
87
Q

An example of an antagonistic pair is a hip flexors and glueteals give the following:
- type of synovial joint
- where the movement occurs
- And the type of movement that occurs at the joint

A
  • Ball and Socket
  • Hip
  • Flexion –> extension
88
Q

An example of an antagonistic pair is a deltoid and Latissimus dorsi give the following:
- type of synovial joint
- where the movement occurs
- And the type of movement that occurs at the joint

A
  • NA
  • Shoulder
  • Flexion –> Extension
89
Q

What are the associated movements - Rotator cuffs

A

Rotation at shoulder

90
Q

What are the associated movements - Pectorals

A

Adduction of the arm

91
Q

What are the associated movements - biceps

A

flexion of the arm

92
Q

What are the associated movements - abdominals

A

Flexion of the trunk/vertebrae

93
Q

What are the associated movements - Hip flexors

A

flexion of leg at the hip

94
Q

What are the associated movements - Quadriceps

A

Extension of the leg at the knee ( involved in circumducution )

95
Q

What are the associated movements - Tibilias Anterior

A

Dorsi flexion of the ankle

96
Q

What are the associated movements - Deltoid

A

Abduction of the arm

97
Q

What are the associated movements - Triceps

A

Extension of the arm

98
Q

What are the associated movements - Latissimus Dorsi

A

Adduction at the shoulder

99
Q

What are the associated movements - gluteals

A

Extension of leg at hip

100
Q

What are the associated movements - hamstrings

A

Flexion of leg at the knee

101
Q

What are the associated movements - gastrocnemius

A

Plantar flexion of the ankle

PE IGCSE (9 decks)

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