12) Chemotherapeutic Agents Flashcards
Antimicrobial drugs are produced…?
Naturally or synthetically
Antibiotics are common metabolic products of…?
Aerobic bacteria and fungi
Antibiotics are common metabolic products of aerobic bacteria such as…?
Streptomyces and Bacillus
Antibiotics are common metabolic products of fungi such as…?
Penicillium and Cephalosporium
Antibiotic producers have less or more competition for nutrients and space?
less
Paul Erlich coined the term chemotherapy to describe chemicals that would act as…?
“magic bullets”
Paul Erlich coined chemotherapy to selectively kill and treat what?
compound 606 and to treat syphillis
Gerhard Domagk introduced what drug?
the 1st SULFA drug
Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered…?
Penicillin
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered…?
How to scale up penicillin production
What is a chemotherapeutic agent?
Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease
An antibiotic is a metabolic product of one microorganism that…?
Inhibits or destroys other microorganisms
What is a natural drug?
Product unchanged from Organism that produces it
What is a semisynthetic drug?
Drug that is chemically modified in the lab after being isolated from the natural source
What is a synthetic drug?
Drug is made completely in the lab
Describe narrow spectrum…?
Limited spectrum, drug will only kill a few types of bacteria
Define broad spectrum…?
Extended spectrum, drug will kill wide range of bacteria
What is selectively toxic?
Drugs that kill or inhibit microbes without damaging host
What happens when the characteristics of the infectious agent become more similar to the host?
Selective talks to city becomes more difficult to achieve, more side effects are seen
What two drugs interfere with the enzymes that build peptidoglycan and cause weak spots in the cell wall?
Penicillin and cephalosporins
What drugs target a special type of lipids that disrupt cell membrane, metabolism or cause lysis?
Polymyxins, amphotericin B, nystatin
What drugs inhibit translation reaction with the ribosome-mRNA complex/ protein synthesis?
Streptomycin, erythromycin, gentamicin
What drugs can block the synthesis of nucleotides/ nucleic acids and inhibit replication?
Cholorquine and antiviral drugs like AZT
What drugs act as an analog to an enzyme in a metabolic pathway/ cytoplasm?
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Beta-lactam antimicrobials contain a highly reactive…?
Beta-lactam ring
What are the two most prominent beta-lactams?
Penicillins and cephalosporins
What is penicillin produced by?
Penicillium chrysogenum
Is penicillin natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic?
Natural and semisynthetic
Penicillin consists of three parts…?
Thiazolidine ring, Beta-lactam ring, side chain dictating microbial activity
What are the two most important natural forms of penicillin?
Penicillin G & V
Semi synthetic penicillins have broader or limited spectrum on gram-negative infections?
Broader
What bacterias are penicillinase resistant?
Methicillin, nafcillin, cloxacillin
What drug is made when clavulanic acid and amoxicillin are combined?
Augmentin
Penicillin is the drug of choice for gram positive cocci and some negative bacteria such as?
streptococci (+), meningococci and syphilis spirochete (-)
Primary problems of penicillin are?
Allergies(rash), resistant strains of bacteria
Cephalosporium is produced by?
Cephalopsorium acremonium
Is Cephalosporin a natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic drug?
Natural and semisynthetic
Cephalosporin consists of three parts…?
6 carbon ring, beta-lactam ring, two side chains dictating microbial activity
What bacteria is resistant to Cephalosporin?
penicillnases
Is Cephalosporin a broad spectrum drag or narrow spectrum?
Broad spectrum
The widest range of cephalosporin was which generation of drug?
4th generation
What generation of Cephalosporin is effective against MRSA?
5th generation
What are the primary problems of Cephalosporin?
Rash, nausea, diarrhea
Imipenem is a broad spectrum drug the fights aerobic and anaerobic pathogens and is the what class of drug?
Carbapenems
Aztreonam is a narrow spectrum drug for gram-negative aerobic baccilli, can be used by people allergic to penicillin and comes from what drug class?
Monobactams
Vancomycin is a narrow spectrum non beta-lactem antibiotic that treats resistant…?
Staphylococcus and Enterococcus
What narrow spectrum, non beta-lactam drug is toxic and hard to administer with restricted use?
Vancomycin
What does MERSA stand for?
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
What does VRE stand for?
Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
What does VRSA stand for?
Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
What are the primary problems of vancomycin?
Nausea, rash, dizziness, kidney damage, hearing loss
What is Red Man syndrome?
Vancomycin, rifampin, amphotericin B, and ciprofloxacin, oral and injections are infused too fast
What Redman syndrome symptoms occur 4-10 minutes after starting infusion?
low BP, hives, rash, fever and chills
Bacitracin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic that is used in an ointment, what strain of bacteria is it a product of?
Bacillus Subtilis
Isoniazid (INH) is used to treat infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis by interfering with…?
Mycolic acid synthesis
What to antibiotics work by damaging the bacteria’s cell membrane?
Polymyxin B and Polymyxin E (colistin)
Polymyxin Antibiotics are narrow-spectrum and products of?
Bacillus polymyxa
Polymyxins are narrow-spectrum peptide antibiotics with a unique…?
Fatty acid component
Polymyxin B is used in…?
Neosporin
Polymyxin E )colistin) was used for…?
Bowel decontamination
What two antibiotics inhibit 30S ribosomal subunit?
Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides antibiotics are produced by…?
Soil bacteria
Streptomycin antibiotic is a product of what bacteria?
Streptomyces
Gentamicin antibiotic is a product of what bacteria?
Micromonospora
Aminoglycosides are a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibit protein synthesis and are used against…?
aerobic gram-negative rods
Streptomycin fought against the…?
bubonic plague and tuberculosis
Gentamicin is less toxic and used against…?
Gram-negative rods
Neomycin is applied as an…?
ointment
Tetracycline inhibit 30S…..?
ribosomal subunit (protein synthesis)
Tetracycline inhibit 30S…..?
ribosomal subunit (protein synthesis)
Tetracyclines antibiotics are broad-spectrum is produced by…?
Streptomyces
Tetracyclines are used to treat…?
STD’s, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, wine disease, typhus, acne, and protozoa
What two types antibiotics inhibit 50S ribosomal subunit
Chloramphenicol and Erythromycin
Is chloramphenicol natural, semi synthetic, or synthetic?
Synthetic
Chloramphenicol is very toxic, restricted uses and can cause…?
irreversible damage to bone marrow
Chloramphenicol antibiotics are used to treat…?
Typhoid fever, brain abscesses, rickettsial, and chlamydia
Primary problems of chloramphenicol are?
Injury to RBC and WBC
Erythromycin has fairly low toxicity and is broad or narrow-spectrum?
Broad-spectrum
Erythromycin treats…?
Mycoplasma pneumonia, leginellosis, chlamydia, pertussis, diphtheria and prior to intestinal surgery
Erythromycin comes from a class of…?
Macrolides
3 newer semisynthetic macrolides are…?
Clarithromycin, azithromycin (Zithromax)
Primary problems of erythromycin are?
Stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, rash
Two types of antibiotics that act on DNA or RNA are?
Fluoroquinolones, Rifampin
Fluoroquinolones is broad or narrow-spectrum?
Broad- spectrum
Is fluoroquinolones a natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic drug?
Synthetic
Other names for Fluoroquinolones are?
Cipro, Levaquin
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics are used to treat?
UTI’s, STD’s, gastrointestinal, respiratory, soft tissue infections
Primary problems of fluoroquinolones are?
Headache, dizziness, tremors, GI distress
Fluoroquinolones are being monitored by the CDC to prevent…?
ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria
Rifampin is a broad or narrow-spectrum antibiotic?
narrow-spectrum
Rifampin treats…?
Tuberculosis and leprosy
Rifampin is used as a preventative for…?
Neisseria meningitidis carriers
Antibiotics that block metabolic pathways are…?
Sulfonamides
The first antimicrobial drugs were…?
SULFA drugs/ Sulfonamides
Most Sulfonamides are synthetic and narrow-spectrum that block the synthesis of …?
folic acid
Sulfisoxazole is used to treat…?
shigellosis, UTI, protozoan infections
Silver sulfadiazine is used to treat,,,?
burns, eye infections
Trimethoprim WITH sulfamethoxazole is used to treat…?
UTI, PCP
Primary problems of Sulfonamides are?
rash, crystals in kidney, hemolysis of RBC, reduce platelets
Macrolide polyenes treat what type of infection?
Fungal
Amphotericin B is what type of drug?
Antifungal
Amphotericin is effective against…?
Skin and mucous membrane infections, yeast infections
Systemic fungal infections equal…?
Gold Standard
Nystatin is a fungal antibiotic used to treat?
Yeast infections
Griseofulvin is an antifungal that treats?
Ring worm
A problem with the antifungal drug Griseofulvin is that is “nephrotic” and can damage a persons…?
Kidney
Synthetic azoles end with the “ole”, are broad-spectrum and treat what?
ring worm jock itch, athlete’s foot, and vaginal yeast infections
Flucytosine is an antifungal and the analog of…?
Cytosine
Flucytosine is used to treat?
cutaneous mycoses
Echinocandins is a new category of antifungal drugs that…?
damage the cell walls of fugal cells, not toxic to human cells
Echinocandins is an antifungal used to treat an invasive fungal disease such as…?
aspergillosis and invasive yeast infections
Two classes of antiparasitic drugs are…?
antimalarial, antiprotozoal and anthelminthic
An antimalarial drug such as quinine was used to treat…?
malaria
Quinine is extracted from…?
the bark of a cinchona tree
Synthetic quinine’s end in…?
“quine”
Two antiprotozoal drugs are…?
Metronidazole or Flagyl
Anti protozoan drugs such as metronidazole or flagyl is used to treat parasitic infections such as…?
Mild to severe intestinal infections and STD’s
Antiviral drugs have three major modes of action, which are?
Inhibition of viral entry, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, viral assembly or release
Antiviral drugs were developed to target specific points in the infectious cycle of…?
viruses
Two antiviral drugs that inhibit viral entry are..?
Amantadine( rimantadine) and Tamiflu ( Relenza)
Antiviral amantadine( rimantadine) is used to treat?
Influenza A
The antiviral drug Tamiflu ( Relenza) is used to treat?
Influenza
Many antiviral agents mimic the structure of nucleotides and compete for sites on…?
Replicating or synthesizing DNA
Antiviral drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis all end in…?
“clovir”
Antiviral Gyanine analog is used to treat…?
Herpes, chickenpox and shingles.
Antiviral drug Azidothymidine(AZT) is a thymine analog used to treat?
AIDS
Azidothymidine(AZT) inhibits nucleic acid…?
Synthesis
What antiviral drug inhibits viral assembly or release?
Saquinavir
Saquinavir is a protease…?
Inhibitor
Saquinavir blocks enzymes needed to assemble virus particles, and also treats?
AIDS
Major side effects of antimicrobials are…?
Liver, kidney toxicity, hives, disruption of balance of normal flora creating a super infection.
Examples of a super infection that occurs when taking antimicrobials are?
Diarrhea, vaginal yeast infections
What are the steps when considering selecting an antimicrobial drug?
- Identify the microorganism
- Slowly test the microorganisms susceptibility to various drugs
- Evaluate the overall medical condition of the patient
What are the three tests names for testing drug susceptibility?
Kirby- Bauer technique, E- test diffusion test, Tube dilution technique
The Kirby-Bauer technique is mainly used in what setting?
Hospital and labs
The Kirby- Bauer technique uses what test?
Disk diffusion test
What are the steps when performing a disk diffusion test?
- Make lawn of bacteria on Petri plate
- Place different antibiotic discs on line and observe growth after 24 to 48 hours
- Look for zone of inhabitation around antibiotic discs
- Measure zones and compare to determine susceptibility or resistance
When using the E-test diffusion test, what is placed on the lawn of bateria?
A E-test strip with decreasing concentration of antibiotic
The tube dilution technique is more sensitive and…?
Quantitative
When using the tube dilution technique all tubes are inoculated with same amount of bacteria and determines…?
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) stands for?
Smallest concentration of drug that visibly inhibits growth
In vitro activity of a drug is not always correlated with…?
In vitro effect
A drug with the highest level of selectivity but lowest level of toxicity is measured by…?
Therapeutic index (TI)
Therapeutic index(TI) is good when the number is smaller or bigger?
bigger
Three types of acquired resistance mutations are termed?
Spontaneous mutations, induced mutations, transposons
Three acquired resistance of new genes via transfer from another species is termed
Conjugation, transduction, and transformation
Drug inactivation resistance does what?
Produces enzymes that destroy drug
Decrease permeability drug resistance does what?
Changes receptor for drug
Activation of drug pumps resistance does what?
Pumps drug out of cell
Change in drug binding site resistance does what?
Changes binding site on ribosome
What does drug resistance use of alternative metabolic pathways do?
Makes new enzymes to create alternative chemical pathways to end product
Another word for creating drug resistant microbes is termed?
Drug abuse
How does creating drug resistant microbes happen?
Overprescribed, not testing susceptibility test, prescribing broad spectrum more than needed, patients do not finish drugs, antibiotics used in livestock
Define natural selection?
mutations where the sensitive cells are destroyed while resistant cells survive, eventually population will be resistant.
Bacitracin prevents cell wall synthesis in gram-positive organisms and is used in antibacterial?
skin ointments
