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Micro Exam 3 > 11) Physical and Chemical control of Microbes > Flashcards

11) Physical and Chemical control of Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

__________ is the physical, chemical, mechanical methods to destroy, reduce microbes in a given area

A

decontamination

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2
Q

The hardest bacteria to kill is?

A

Bacillus cereus

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3
Q

The easiest bacteria to kill is?

A

Bread mold(Rhizopus)

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4
Q

________ is permanent loss of reproductive capability, even under optimum growth conditions

A

microbial death

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5
Q

Microbial death is hard to detect because microbes often do not show _________ to begin with

A

vital signs

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6
Q

Modes of action of antimicrobial agents fall into four categories:

  1. cell wall
  2. cell membrane
  3. _______ synthesis
  4. alter _______ function
A

nucleic acid

protein

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7
Q

_________ mode of action causes the cell wall to become fragile and will lyse(explode) by osmotic pressure

A

Cell wall

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8
Q

________ mode of action causes the cell loses its selective permeability and cannot prevent the loss of vital molecules or the entry of damaging chemicals

A

Cell membrane

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9
Q

________ synthesis mode of action binds to DNA, causing mutations in DNA, preventing transcription and translation

A

Nucleic acid

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10
Q

Altering ________ function mode of action denaturalizes protein and prevents from working (meaning no chemical reactions)

A

protein

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11
Q

6 factors that govern the effectiveness of a particular agent

  1. Exposure time
  2. concentration of the agent,
  3. number of _________
  4. pH of the environment
  5. modes of ______
  6. present of solvents or interfering _______
A

organisms
action
substances

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12
Q

Physical _______ are methods of physical control

A

agents

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13
Q

When using dry heat at moderate to high temperature dehydration alters _______ structure and incineration occurs

A

protein

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14
Q

When using moist heat at lower temperatures with a shorter exposure time _______ and denaturation of proteins occurs

A

coagulation

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15
Q

What kind of cells does moist heat kill?

A

Vegetative cells

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16
Q

Autoclaving uses what type of microbial control?

A

Sterilization

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17
Q

Autoclaving sterilization is used for?

A

Media, use media, glassware, some surgical equipment

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18
Q

Auto cleaning should heat objects up to 121 degrees Celsius at 15 PSI for how long?

A

10 to 40 minutes

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19
Q

Intermittent sterilization is equal to?

A

tyndallization

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20
Q

What type of method of microbial control is tyndallization?

A

Disinfectant

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21
Q

tyndallization was developed by?

A

John Tyndall

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22
Q

Tyndallization is exposed to what type of steam?

A

Free flowing

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23
Q

Tyndallization is heated to 100 degrees Celsius for 30 to 60 minutes on three successive days with what in-between?

A

Incubation periods

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24
Q

Tyndallization is used for?

A

Sensitive culture media ( sera, egg, carbohydrates)

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25
Q

During pasteurization heat is applied to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage without destroying the food flavour, but foods are not…?

A

Sterile

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26
Q

High-temperature short- time(HTST) is heated to what temperature?

A

72 degrees Celsius for 15 SEC

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27
Q

High-temperature short- time(HTST) is used for?

A

Milk (flash method)

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28
Q

Ultra high temperature method (UHT) is heated to what temperature?

A

138 degrees Celsius for 2 SEC

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29
Q

Ultra high temperature method (UHT) is used for?

A

Organic milk, small serving sizes of Creamer that are commercially sterile

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30
Q

Is pasteurization sterilization?

A

No

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31
Q

Pasteurization kills what type of microbe?

A

Non-spore forming pathogens

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32
Q

Pasteurization is used for?

A

Milk, juices, cream, alcoholic beverages

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33
Q

What method of microbial control is boiling water?

A

Disinfection

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34
Q

When using boiling water as a disinfection method of microbial control should heat the water to what temperature?

A

100 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes

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35
Q

Boiling water/ disinfection is used for?

A

Unsafe drinking water, home canning, materials for baby

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36
Q

What method of microbial control is a dry oven?

A

Sterilization

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37
Q

When using a dry oven as a sterilization method of microbial control the temperature should be at?

A

150 - 180 degrees Celsius for 2-4 hours

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38
Q

Dry oven sterilization is used for?

A

Glassware, powders, oils, metals

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39
Q

What method of microbial control is incineration?

A

Sterilization

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40
Q

Incineration sterilization when using a bunsen burner at 1870 degrees Celsius is used for?

A

Inoculating needles and loops

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41
Q

Incineration sterilization when using a furnace incinerator should be heated to 800 to 6500 degrees Celsius and used for?

A

Medical waste

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42
Q

Microbiostatic means?

A

Slows the growth of microbes

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43
Q

What does refrigeration at 0-7 degrees Celsius cause microbes to do?

A

Slows the growth of microbes

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44
Q

Where is using refrigeration at 0- 7 degrees Celsius to slow the growth of microbe used?

A

Home kitchens and labs

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45
Q

Refrigeration at 0-7 degrees Celsius is used to?

A

Presume foods, medical supplies, and cultures

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46
Q

What does freezing microbes at less than 100 degrees Celsius do?

A

Stops the growth and kills some susceptible organisms

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47
Q

Freezing microbes below zero degrees Celsius is used in home kitchens and laboratories to…?

A

Store foods and some microorganisms

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48
Q

What Is dessication?

A

Gradual removal of water from cells that leads to metabolic inhibition

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49
Q

Is desiccation and effective microbial control?

A

No because some cells retain ability to grow when water is reintroduced.

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50
Q

Desecration is used for foods such as?

A

Raisins, Prunes, jerky

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51
Q

Lyophilization is…?

A

Freeze drained or “snap-frozen”

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52
Q

Lyophilization combines freezing and..?

A

cold

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53
Q

Lyophilization is effective for?

A

Controlling microbial growth

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54
Q

Lyophilization is used in the food industry and the lab for?

A

Long-term storage of microbial cultures

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55
Q

Radiation waves or particles bombard molecules in a…?

A

cell

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56
Q

Radiation damages molecules, but the most sensitive is…?

A

DNA

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57
Q

Radiation creates bonds or causes breakages known as…?

A

mutations

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58
Q

Does ionizing radiation create ions?

A

yes

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59
Q

Does nonionizing radiation create ions?

A

No

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60
Q

Ionizing radiation is deep penetrating and has energy to cause electrons to…?

A

Leave their orbit, and breaks DNA

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61
Q

Gamma rays are…?

A

x-rays, cathode rays

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62
Q

Are gamma rays hot or cold sterilization?

A

Cold

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63
Q

Gamma rays sterilized materials that are sensitive to…?

A

Heat or chemicals

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64
Q

Gamma rays are used to cut down microbial loads in anything medical related that can be…?

A

reused

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65
Q

Gamma rays are used in food such as…?

A

Flower, pork, ground beef, fruits, vegetables and juices

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66
Q

UV light create pyrimidine dimers which interfere with…?

A

replication

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67
Q

Ultraviolet ray (UV) range in wavelengths from…?

A

100nm- 400nm

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68
Q

Most lethal wavelength of ultraviolet rays (UV) is…?

A

260nm

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69
Q

Germicidal lamp that meets a specific wavelength of UV is placed on…?

A

Ceilings, upper part of walls or air ducts.

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70
Q

A germicidal lamp is used for…?

A

Hospital rooms, operation rooms, schools, nursing homes, food processing plants, slaughterhouses, wastewater

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71
Q

Filtration involves straining a liquid or air through a layer of material with openings large enough for liquid or air to pass through but too small for…?

A

Microorganisms

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72
Q

A depth filter includes..?

A

Sand, charcoal, diatomaceous earth

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73
Q

A membrane filter includes…?

A

cellulose acetate or plastic

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74
Q

Depth filters and membrane filters have a poor diameter of…?

A

8 - .02mm

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75
Q

HEPA filters stand for…?

A

High efficiency particulate air

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76
Q

HEPA filters filter bacteria, endospores, and many viruses with a pore diameter of…?

A

.3mm

77
Q

HEPA filters used in…?

A

Cars, airplanes, home, biological safety cabinets, as well as hospital settings such as surgical suits burn units isolation units

78
Q

Membrane filters filter water with a pore diameter of…?

A

.2mm

79
Q

Membrane filters filter heat sensitive media and…?

A

Beer and wine

80
Q

High level germicides kill…?

A

Endospores

81
Q

Intermediate level germicides kill…?

A

Fungal spores, not endospores

82
Q

Intermediate level germicides disinfect devices that come into contact with…?

A

Mucus membranes

83
Q

Low level germicides eliminate only…?

A

vegetative bacteria, fungal cells, some viruses

84
Q

Low level genocides clean services that…?

A

Skin touch

85
Q

Chemical agents occur in what states…?

A

Liquid , gas, or solid

86
Q

Chemical agents vary from antiseptics to disinfectants to…?

A

Sterilants

87
Q

If a solid chemical agent may be dissolved in water it is…?

A

Aqueous

88
Q

If a solid chemical agent may be dissolved in alcohol it is…?

A

tincture

89
Q

Phenol is also known as…?

A

Carbolic acid

90
Q

Joseph Lister (1860’s) used phenol to clean…?

A

Surgical hands and wounds

91
Q

Acrid is a poisonous compound derived from distilling coal tar and is an irritant of the…?

A

Skin

92
Q

Joseph Lawrence (1836-1909) developed listerine and oral antiseptics made with…?

A

Alcohol related compounds

93
Q

Products of phenol are called?

A

Phenolics

94
Q

Phenolics disrupt cell walls and membranes and…?

A

Precipitate proteins

95
Q

Phenolics a little to intermediate level that is bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal but not…?

A

Sporicidal

96
Q

Phenolics are used for…?

A

Antibacterial soaps, disinfectants, mouthwashes, throat lozenges

97
Q

And example of phenolics is…?

A

Lysol

98
Q

Chlorhexidine is a chemical agent that is a compound and…?

A

2 phenolic rings

99
Q

Chlorhaxidine is also called…?

A

Chloheidine gluconate

100
Q

Chlorhaxidine is a surfactant and protein denaturant with broad…?

A

Microbicidal properties

101
Q

Chlorhaxidine is what type of solution?

A

Alcoholic or aqueous

102
Q

Chlorhaxidine is used to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in…?

A

Hospitals

103
Q

Chlorhaxidine is used for…?

A

Hand scrubbing, skin surgery sites, injections, wounds, neonatal wash, also used in a preservative and eye solutions

104
Q

Alcohols are used to incinerate enveloped…?

A

Viruses

105
Q

Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is also called…?

A

Grain alcohol

106
Q

Isopropyl alcohol or propanol is also called…?

A

Rubbing alcohol

107
Q

Alcohols have what type of functional group?

A

OH

108
Q

Alcoholics are a intermediate level chemical agent that act as surfactants to dissolve…?

A

Membrane lipids and coagulating proteins of vegetative bacterial cells and fungi

109
Q

Alcohols are used for…?

A

Swab skin, before injection, hand sanitizers, disinfect surfaces

110
Q

Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) is a colorless liquid that decomposes in…?

A

Presence of light or metals

111
Q

What percentage of hydrogen peroxide is potent enough to sterilize(sporicidal)?

A

6-25%

112
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is used for…?

A

Antiseptic for skin, wound, bed sore, mouthwash, toothache, contact lens cleaner, surgical implants, plastic equipment

113
Q

The active ingredients in nearly one third of all antimicrobial chemicals currently being marketed include?

A

Halogens

114
Q

Halogens include…?

A

Fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine

115
Q

The two most commonly used halogens are…?

A

chlorine and iodine

116
Q

What does chlorine do to cells?

A

Denaturalizes proteins by disrupting disulfide bonds

117
Q

The chemical agent chlorine is what level of a chemical agent?

A

Intermediate level

118
Q

Chlorine is less effective if exposed to…?

A

Light, alkaline pH, organic materials

119
Q

Two major forms of chlorine are?

A

Liquid and gas

120
Q

Liquid chlorine is the chosen cleaner to treat what bacteria?

A

C. diff

121
Q

Another term for liquid chlorine bleach is?

A

Hypochlorites

122
Q

Liquid chloramine is used to treat?

A

Water

123
Q

Cl2 or chlorine gas is used to treat?

A

water

124
Q

Chlorine dioxide gas is used as a sterilization method of…?

A

Enclosed areas or disinfection of water

125
Q

Chlorine is used for?

A

Large scale disinfection of drinking water, sewage, swimming pools, restaurants, canneries, wounds, irrigate root canals

126
Q

Iodine is a pungent blue-black element that forms a brown solution when dissolved in…?

A

water

127
Q

Iodine is a intermediate level chemical agent that interferes with…?

A

Disulfide bonds of proteins

128
Q

Iodine has three types of solutions which are?

A

Iodophor tincture iodine, aqueous iodine

129
Q

Iodophor is less toxic, less staining, and is iodine with neutral protein polymer of what percent iodine?

A

2-10%

130
Q

Common products of Iodophor are..?

A

Betadine and povidone

131
Q

Tincture is an antiseptic made up of..?

A

2-3% iodine in 70% alcohol

132
Q

Aqueous iodine is an antiseptic made up of?

A

2-3% iodine in water

133
Q

Iodine solutions are used for?

A

Skin prep for surgery, burns, vaginal infections, surgical hand scrubbing and disinfecting equipment

134
Q

The halogen fluorine is used in?

A

Toothpaste and drinking water

135
Q

The halogen bromine is used in?

A

Hot tubs

136
Q

Aldehydes have what type of functional group?

A

CHO

137
Q

Two most commonly used aldehydes are?

A

Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde

138
Q

Formaldehyde is a sharp, irritating gas that dissolves readily to form a?

A

Aqueous solution called formalin

139
Q

Formaldehyde creates a solution called formalin that is what percent of formaldehyde gas in water?

A

37%

140
Q

Formaldehyde is extremely toxic on skin and mucous membranes, and also classified as a?

A

Carcinogen

141
Q

Formaldehyde is used for?

A

Surgical instruments, biological specimens, embalming fluid, vaccine preparation

142
Q

Glutaraldehyde is less toxic and irritating with a yellow acidic liquid and ..?

A

odor

143
Q

Glutaraldehyde is a rapid and broad spectrum chemical that is a sterilant and kills spores in less than…?

A

3 hours

144
Q

What aldehyde chemical is used in a special device known as a chemiclave?

A

Glutaraldehyde

145
Q

Glutaraldehyde is used for?

A

Respiratory therapy and kidney dialysis equipment, endoscopes, alternative for vaccine preservative

146
Q

Gaseous agents include…?

A

Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and chlorine oxide

147
Q

Ethylene oxide is a colorless substance that is a gas at what temperature?

A

Room temperature

148
Q

What gaseous agent chemical is highly explosive in air and is mixed with carbon dioxide when using ETO sterilizer?

A

Ethylene oxide

149
Q

Which gaseous agent is accepted as a chemical sterilizing agent?

A

Ethylene oxide

150
Q

Everyone outside is very toxic and rated as a?

A

Carcinogen

151
Q

Ethylene oxide is used for?

A

Prepackage medical supplies that are plastics, pacemakers, artificial heart valves, disinfectant of food such as spices dried fruits and drugs

152
Q

Heavy metals that are used in chemical control of microbes are?

A

Mercury, silver, gold, copper, arsenic, zinc

153
Q

The most commonly used low level heavy metals are?

A

Mercury and silver

154
Q

Mercury and silver are used to kill?

A

Vegetative cells in low concentrations

155
Q

Mercury and silver do what to cells?

A

Inactivate proteins

156
Q

Heavy metal germicide contain a metallic salt and are in the form of?

A

Equations solutions, tinctures, ointments or soaps

157
Q

Mercury tinctures are .001-.2% in what solution?

A

Alcohol

158
Q

Mercury tinctures are used for?

A

Skin antiseptics, preservative in cosmetics and ophthalmic solutions

159
Q

Mercurochrome is also known as?

A

Monkey’s blood (1919- 1998)

160
Q

Merthiolate/ thimerosal was wrongly associated with?

A

Autism

161
Q

Silver nitrate is used to prevent eye infections in…?

A

Newborns

162
Q

Silver sulfadiazine ointments are used for…?

A

Burn patients

163
Q

Band-aids, surgical bandages can also contain what heavy metal?

A

sliver

164
Q

Appliances are also made out of what heavy metal?

A

Silver

165
Q

Catheters with silver is used to prevent…?

A

UTI’s

166
Q

Copper/ Copper sulfate is a great algicide used for?

A

Swimming pools and fish tanks.

167
Q

Zinc chloride is used in?

A

Mouthwashes

168
Q

Zinc oxide is used in?

A

Calamine lotion, diaper ointments, baby powder, and dandruff shampoos.

169
Q

Soaps are alkaline compounds made when combining sodium or phosphate salts and…

A

Long chain fatty acids

170
Q

Soaps interact with oils and grease to create emulsions in water, and loosening and lifting away dirt and microbes on surfaces and…?

A

skin

171
Q

Soaps are not antiseptics or disinfectants but help to mechanically carry away…?

A

Microrganisms

172
Q

What agent is common in soaps?

A

Sodium lauryl sulfate

173
Q

Detergents are both aniotic and…?

A

Cationic

174
Q

Anionic detergents have a long hydrophobic chain that is connected to…?

A

a negatively charged anion

175
Q

Anionic detergents are used in…?

A

Laundry soap

176
Q

Cationic detergents have a long hydrophobic chain that is connected to…?

A

A positively charged cation

177
Q

The most important detergents are what kind of salts?

A

Quaternary ammonium salts

178
Q

Detergents enter into phospholipid bilayer and disrupt the…?

A

Cell membrane

179
Q

Most common detergents are made out of?

A

Benzalkonium chloride

180
Q

A chemical that destroys vegetative stages of bacteria is…?

A

Bactericide

181
Q

A _________ can destroy bacterial endospores

A

sporicide

182
Q

_____________ agents inhibit or prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on other objects in the environment

A

Bacteriostatic

183
Q

A germicide or microbicide is a chemical that will kill…?

A

any pathogenic microorganisms

184
Q

An antiseptic is a chemical applied to living tissues to…?

A

render them free of pathogens

185
Q

Sanitization is forceful cleaning that removes contaminants and makes objects…?

A

hygienic and safe to use

186
Q

Degermation is forceful cleaning of the body to remove

A

potential pathogens

187
Q

2 Physical Methods of Control are…?

A

radiation and filtration

188
Q

Dyes, acids, and alkalis can also inhibit or destroy microbes but are…?

A

limited in use

Micro Exam 3 (8 decks)

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