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Sports Studies > 1.2 - Cardiovascular and respiratory systems > Flashcards

1.2 - Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Flashcards

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Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

What are the two circuits of the heart?

A
  • pulmonary circuit
  • systemic circuit
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2
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit?

A

the circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back to the heart through the pulmonary vein

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3
Q

what is the systemic circuit?

A

the circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and back to the heart through the vena cava

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4
Q

What type of blood is in the left side of the heart?

A

coming back from the pulmonary vein Oxygenated blood is in the left side of the heart which is then taken to the body through the aorta

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5
Q

What type of blood is in the right side of the heart?

A

deoxygenated blood that has arrived back from the body via the vena cava then taken to the heart via the pulmonary artery.

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6
Q

what is myogenic?

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse which causes cardiac muscles to contract

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7
Q

What is the conduction system?

A

a set of 5 structures in the cardiac muscle which create and transmit electrical impulse.

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8
Q

What are the the five structures of the cardiac system?

A
  1. SA node - generates electrical impulse
  2. AV node - collects the impulse and delays it by 0.1 seconds to allow the atria to finish contracting.
  3. Bundle of his - splits the impulse into two ready for each ventricle
  4. bundle branches - carry the impulse to each ventricle
  5. purkyne fibers - distribute the impulse through the ventricle making it contract.
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9
Q

what is diastole?

A

the relaxation of the cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood.

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10
Q

What is systole?

A

the contraction of cardiac muscle where the blood if forced into the aorta

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11
Q

What is the process Diastole?

A
  1. as the atria and the ventricles relax, they expand which draws blood in
  2. the pressure in the atria increases opening the AV valves.
  3. blood passively enters the ventricles
  4. SL valves are closed to prevent blood leaving the heart.
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12
Q

what is the process of atrial systole?

A

the atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles

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13
Q

what is the process of ventricular systole?

A
  1. the ventricles contract increasing the pressure closing the AV valves to prevent backflow into the atria.
  2. SL valves are forced to open as blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
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14
Q

What is cardiac output (Q)?

A

The volume of blood that is ejected form the left ventricle per minute.
Heart rate x Stroke volume = Q

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15
Q

What is heart rate (HR)?

A

The number of times that the heart beats per minute

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16
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected through the left ventricle per beat

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17
Q

What factors impact stroke volume?

A
  1. Venus return, the amount of blood returning to the heart.
  2. ventricular elasticity.
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18
Q

How do you calculate your maximal HR?

A

220 - your age

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19
Q

What is a resting HR below 60 bpm known as?

A

Bradycardia

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20
Q

What is the difference of HR, SV and Q for a trained and untrained athlete?

A

Untrained:
HR = 70 - 72 bpm
SV = 70 ml
Q = 5 L/min
Trained:
HR = 50 bpm
SV = 100 ml
Q = 5 L/min

21
Q

What is sub maximal exercise?

A

A low to moderate intensity within the performers aerobic capacity. This is aerobic work.

22
Q

What is maximal exercise?

A

A high intensity of exercise above a performers aerobic capacity. This in anaerobic work.

23
Q

What happens to HR in sub maximal exercise?

A

HR will reach a plateau as the performer will be in a comfortable stable state. This means oxygen supply is meeting oxygen demand

24
Q

What happens to HR in maximal exercise?

A

There is no plateau in maximal exercise and HR will continue to rise as there will be increasing demand for oxygen and HR must increase to try to meet the demand

25
Q

What happens to stroke volume during sub maximal exercise?

A

It will plateau around 40-60% of working capacity.

26
Q

What factors allow stroke volume to increase?

A
  • Increased Venus Return
  • Starlings Law (increased VR = Increased SV, due to stretch in ventricle walls)
27
Q

Why does stroke volume plateau at sub maximal exercise?

A

As there is not enough time for the ventricles to fill completely in the diastolic phase.

28
Q

What is the response of cardiac output to exercise?

A

It increases in line with the intensity of the exercise and plateaus at maximal exercise.

29
Q

What are the average HR, SV and Q for a untrained athlete at rest?

A

HR - 70/72 bpm
SV - 70ml
Q - 5L/m

30
Q

What are the average HR, SV and Q for a untrained athlete in sub maximal + maximal exercise?

A

Sub-maximal:
HR - 100/130 bpm
SV - 100/120 ml
Q - 10/15 L/m
Maximal:
HR - 220-age
SV - 100/120 ml
Q - 20/30 L/m

31
Q

What are the average HR, SV and Q for a trained athlete at rest?

A

HR - 50 bpm
SV - 100 ml
Q - 5 L/m

32
Q

What are the average HR, SV and Q for a trained athlete in sub maximal + maximal exercise?

A

Sub-maximal:
HR - 95/120 bpm
SV - 160/200 ml
Q - 15/20 L/m
Trained:
HR - 220-age
SV - 160/200 ml
Q - 30/40 L/m

33
Q

What is the CCC and its role?

A

Cardiac control centre, located in the medulla oblongata its role is to regulate HR.

34
Q

What are the neural control mechanisms which influence HR?

A
  1. Chemoreceptors - these are located in the muscles and inform of any chemical change in the blood such as increased lactic acid levels.
  2. Proprioceptors - located in muscles, joints and tendons inform of any motor activity.
  3. Baroreceptors - Located in the blood vessel walls they inform of any increases in blood pressure.
35
Q

What are the intrinsic control mechanisms which influence HR?

A
  1. Temperature change will effect the viscosity of the blood and speed up nerve impulse transmissions.
  2. Venus return changes will impact the stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore stroke volume and the amount of blood leaving the heart per beat
36
Q

What are the hormonal control mechanisms which influence HR?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are released from adrenal glands increasing the force of ventricular contractions and therefore HR.

37
Q

What can the CCC do with the information from the control mechanisms?

A

It can either increase or decrease the stimulation of the SA node.

38
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Part of the automatic nervous system responsible for increasing HR during exercise

39
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Part of the automatic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR during recovery.

40
Q

What is the vascular system?

A

A dense network of blood vessels which carry blood around the entire body.

41
Q

What is the role of the vascular system?

A

To transport nutrients such as oxygen and glucose, to protect and fight against disease and to maintain internal stability of the body and regulate temperature.

42
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries - transport oxygenated blood to the body
Veins - transport deoxygenated blood to the heart
Capillaries - bring blood into close contact with the muscles for gaseous exchange to eb able to take place

43
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Widening of blood vessels to allow more blood to pass through

44
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Narrowing of blood vessels to restrict the amount of blood passing through.

45
Q

What is Venous return?

A

The return of blood to the heart via veins to the left atrium.

46
Q

What are the mechanisms of venous return?

A
  1. Pocket valves - one way valves which prevent the backflow of blood.
  2. Smooth muscle - the layer of smooth muscle in the vein wall vasoconstricts to aid the movement of blood.
  3. Gravity - Blood from above the heart is aided by gravity pulling it down.
  4. Muscle pump - during exercise skeletal muscle contracts
47
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism?

A

The redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the percentage of blood flow to the muscles.

48
Q

What controls the vascular shunt?

A

The vasomotor control centre

49
Q

Page 43

A

Sports Studies (9 decks)

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