12-11 HYPOthalamus Flashcards
A: Hypothalamus comprises the _______ part of the _______. The _______ sits BEHIND it while Hypothalamus Rostral border is marked by the ____ ___, _______ and ___ ____.
B: The [Median eminence] is a ___ _____ found in the ___ ____ Space]. This space is continuous with the _______ & _______
C: What does the THE HYPOTHALAMUS actually regulate?
D:[T or F] Most connections in HYT are bilateral
A: Hypothalamus comprises the VENTRAL part of the Diencephalon. The Mesencephalon sit BEHIND it while Hypothalamus Rostral border is marked by the Optic Chiasm, [ANT commissure] and lamina terminalis.
B: The [Median eminence] is a midline swelling found in the [Tuber Cinereum Space]. This space is continuous with the [infundibulum stalk] & [POST Pit neurohypophysis]
C: HYPOTHALAMUS regulates the [Homeostasis Internal Milieu]
D: TRUE! Most connections in HYT are bilateral
Hypothalamus (HYT) is divided into 3 _______ Zones
Parasaggital Zones:
- Lateral Hypothalamus which contains _______ and gives and synthesizes _______
- Medial Hypothalamus which contains _______ nuclei
- PeriVentricular Gray = _______
Hypothalamus (HYT) is divided into 3 Parasaggital Zones
1. Lateral Hypothalamus= contains [mediaLL forebrain bundle] and synthesizes Orexin
- Medial Hypothalamus = contains hypothalamic nuclei
- Periventricular gray = narrow area of neurons next to 3rd ventricle
The [Medial Preoptic Area] (MPOA) of the _______ is a Rostrocaudal level involved with:
- Sexual Dimorphism and Arousal
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- Fever & Body Temp
How is the MPOA related to each?
B:
:1. In “Sexually dimorphic” MPOA , Males had _______[smaller/Larger] brain nucleus than females. The MPOA shows INC neuronal activity with ___ ____
- GnRH cells are _______[front/behind] the MPOA and project to _______ where it can secrete GnRH into capillaries of _______
- In response to _______ MPOA neurons activate heat production mechanisms using connections to ____ ______
C: How does Aspirin prevent MPOA heat production activation?
D: The ____ ___ is the caudal continuation of the MPOA
The [Medial Preoptic Area] (MPOA) of the Hypothalamus is a Rostrocaudal level involved with: 1. Sexual Dimorphism and Arousal 2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 3. Fever & Body Temp How is the MPOA related to each?
B:
:1. In “Sexually dimorphic” MPOA , Males had larger brain nucleus than females. The MPOA shows INC neuronal activity with sexual arousal
- GnRH cells are in front of the MPOA and project to [median eminence] where it can secrete GnRH into capillaries of [HYT Portal system]
- In response to prostaglandin E2, MPOA neurons active heat production mechanisms via connections to HYT [paraventricular nucleus] .
C: Aspirin prevents the synthesis of prostaglandin E2
—->Nothing to stimulate MPOA—>Body Temp DEC
D: The [ANTERIOR NUCLEUS] is the caudal continuation of the MPOA
A: The [Paraventricular nucleus] (PVN) of the _______ has 3 Divisions and respond to _______ afferents (which come from the _______) AND limb structures like the _______, _______ and _______
What are the Divisions?
B:
1. medial division= Projects DIRECTLY to _______ and secretes _______, which control the _______
- [Magnocellular Intermediate division]= Projects DIRECTLY to _______. What is the purpose of this?
- Lateral division=Projects DIRECTLY to _______, _______ and _______
C: The PVN and its 3 divisions are located where?
A: The [Paraventricular nucleus] (PVN) of the Hypothalamus has 3 Divisions and respond to Noradrenergic afferents (come from the Brain Stem) AND limb structures like the septum, amygdala and [hippocampal formation] )
What are the Divisions?
B: 1. medial division= Projects DIRECTLY to [median eminence] and secretes {release/inhibit hormones}
—(control)–>[ANT Pit]
- [Magnocellular Intermediate division]= Projects DIRECTLY to [POST Pit neurohypophysis] –>to give it Oxytocin & ADH
- Lateral division=Projects DIRECTLY to [neurons of IML: Sympathetic], [DMX: PARAsympathetic] and [Solitary nucleus of Vagus]
C: Supraoptic
A: [Supraoptic nucleus] of the ______ Projects DIRECTLY to ______, and stimulates it to secrete ___ & ___
B: What other structure does this same thing??
C: Lesions involving [Supraoptic Nucleus] or ______ will lead to Diabetes ______ because there is DEC ____ levels
D: What part of the HYT is this located?
A: [Supraoptic nucleus] of the Hypothalamus Projects DIRECTLY to [POST Pit neurohypophysis] –>to give it Oxytocin & ADH
B: [Intermediate Magnoceullar division] of [Paraventricular Nucleus]
C: Lesions involving [Supraoptic Nucleus] or [POST Pit neurohypophysis]—> Diabetes Insipidus because there is DEC ADH levels
D: Supraoptic
A: The [Arcuate nc.] , Ventromedial nc., ______ and ______ are all located in the TUBERAL level of the HYT
B: Ventromedial nc. receives afferent input from the ______ via ______ It sends EFFERENTS to ______
which controls ______. This nucleus was previously considered “______ Center”
C: [Arcuate nc.] is located ______ near ______ and projects to Both ______& ______ It secretes MANY ______ hormones which explains why hormones are released during ______!
A: The [Lateral Hypothalamus], [Ventromedial nc.], Dorsomedial nc. and [Arcuate nc.] are all located in the TUBERAL level of the HYT
B: Ventromedial nc. receives afferent input from the Amygdala via [Stria terminalis]. It sends EFFERENTS to [median eminence]—>controls [ANT pit Adenohypophysis]. Was previously considered “Satiety Center”
C: [Arcuate nc.] is located ventrally near [infundibulum stalk] and projects to Both [median eminence] & [HYT Portal system]. It secretes MANY releasing hormones which explains why hormones are released during Stress!
A: [Mammillary nuclei bodies] are located on ______ surface of ______. They receive a HUGE projection FROM ____ __ via the ______.
B: EFFERENTS of [Mammillary nuclei bodies] project to BOTH ______ of Brainstem (via [______ tract])
AND
______ of thalamus via [______ tract]
D: The [Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)] is continuous with the ___ _____
A: [Mammillary nuclei bodies] are located on ventral surface of POST diencephalon. They receive a HUGE projection FROM [Hippocampal formation] via the Fornix.
B: EFFERENTS of [Mammillary nuclei bodies] project to BOTH [Reticular Formation] of Brainstem via [mammillaTegmental tract] AND
[ANTERIOR Nuclei of Thalamus] via [mammillathalamic tract]
D: [POST nucleus] (also found on mammillary level) is continuous with Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
The Pituitary regulates the ______ system and is controlled by the ______. It has an [ANT Pit Adenohypophysis] and [POST Pit Neurohypophysis]
Describe Each:
A: [ANT Pit Adenohypophysis] Develops from the ______ in embryo. NOT FROM ______. It’s stimulated by ______ ______ ______ and as result will Secrete MOST of the ______ Hormones. Name These 6 Hormones
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B: [ANT Pit Adenohypophysis] = ______ [Direct/inDirect]
hormone control
The Pituitary regulates the endocrine system and is controlled by the Hypothalamus. It has an [ANT Pit Adenohypophysis] and [POST Pit Neurohypophysis]
Describe Each:
A: [ANT Pit Adenohypophysis] Develops from the Roof of Rathke’s Pouch in embryo. NOT FROM NEURAL TUBE. It’s stimulated by Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones and as result Secretes MOST of the Pituitary Hormones
[FLAT PiG]
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B: [ANT Pit Adenohypophysis] = inDirect hormone control
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FSH / LH / ACTH / TSH / Prolactin / Growth Hormone
A: FORNIX arises from ______ ______ AND PROJECTS to
- ______ AND 2. ______
B: Stria Terminalis= Important pathway arising from ______ and projects to its ___ ___ and then to ___ ___
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B: Stria Terminalis= Important pathway arising from [Medial Amygdala] and projects to its bed nucleus and then to [medial Hypothalamus]
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A: [MediaLL forebrain Bundle] is the MAIN pathway traveling across ______. These fibers arise from BOTH ______ AND ______. It then project directly to ______ of hypothalamus.
B: [MediaLL forebrain Bundle] is made of…
- hypothalamic EFFERENTs projecting to ______
- Ascending projections FROM ______ to supply ______
A: [Medial forebrain Bundle] is the MAIN pathway traveling across [LAT hypothalamus]. These fibers arise from BOTH [septal hypothalamus area] and [diagonal band of Broca] and then project directly to [mammillary nuclei bodies] of hypothalamus.
B: [Medial forebrain Bundle] consist of
- hypothalamic EFFERENTs projecting to brainstem
- Ascending projections FROM brainstem to supply forebrain
A: Hypothalamus receives ______ projections from the ______(contains serotonin), ______ (contains NorEpi) and ______ (contains Dopamine).
A: Hypothalamus receives monoaminergic projections from the [Median Raphe complex] (contains serotonin), Locus Ceruleus (contains NorEpi) and [Ventral Tegmental area] (contains Dopamine).
A: [Midbrain periqueductal gray (PAG)] shares and is functionally related to the ____ _______
B: Name the 3 important monoamines for the hypothalamus
B2: The Basal Ganglia(______ system) and Ventral tegmentum send ______ projections to the ______ and other limbic areas via the ____ ___ ____
A: Midbrain periqueductal gray (PAG) matter shares and is functionally related to the [medial hypothalamus]
B: Dopamine / NorEpi / Serotonin are the 3 monoamines of importance to the hypothalamus
B2: The Basal Ganglia(nigrostriatal system) and Ventral tegmentum send DOPAMINE projections to the hypothalamus and other limbic areas via the [MediaLL forebrain Bundle]
A: Hypothalamus receives ______ projections from the ______(contains serotonin), ______ (contains NorEpi) and ______ (contains Dopamine).
B: The Locus Ceruleus contain ______ neurons which course thru __ __ __ to get to the Hypothalamus & other limbic structures. This path is later joined by ___ __ __
—->together creates ______ ______bundle —> ______ & ______
A: Hypothalamus receives monoaminergic projections from the [Median Raphe complex] (contains serotonin), Locus Ceruleus (contains NorEpi) and [Ventral Tegmental area] (contains Dopamine).
B: The Locus Ceruleus contain NorEpi neurons which course thru [Dorsal Tegmental bundle] to get to Hypothalamus & other limbic structures. This path is joined by [Ventral noradrenergic bundle] —->together creates [MediaLL forebrain bundle]—>amygdala & Hypothalamus
A: Hypothalamus receives ______ projections from the ______(contains serotonin), ______ (contains NorEpi) and ______ (contains Dopamine).
B: The 2 Ascending groups of Serotonin Cell bodies are found in the ______ and ______ . Axons from ______ Forms the Ventral ascending path which courses thru [ventral tegmentum] to join noradrenergic fibers in the ______ ______bundle —> ______ & ______
A: Hypothalamus receives monoaminergic projections from the [Median Raphe complex] (contains serotonin), Locus Ceruleus (contains NorEpi) and [Ventral segmental area] (contains Dopamine).
B: The 2 Ascending groups of Serotonin Cell bodies are found in the Dorsal and Medial-Raphe Nuclei. Axons from [Dorsal Raphe nuclei] Forms Ventral ascending path which courses thru [ventral tegmentum] to join noradrenergic fibers in the [MediaLL forebrain bundle]–>Hypothalamus
Papez circuit was made to describe CNS areas thought to be involved in ______. It starts with
1st: Hippocampus—(via ______)–>
2nd: ______ —(via ______ tract) —->
3rd: ______——>
4th: ______ Gyrus—-> Hippocampus
B: The ______ Gyrus is unique in that is also corresponds with ______ and ______ ______ which makes them also apart of the Papez Circuit
Papez circuit was made to describe CNS areas thought to be involved in emotion. It starts with
1st: Hippocampus—(via fornix)–>
2nd: [Mammillary Nuclei bodies] of hypothalamus —(via mammillothalamic tract) —->
3rd: [ANT nc. of Thalamus] ——>
4th: Cingulate Gyrus—-> Hippocampus
B: The Cingulate Gyrus is unique in that is also corresponds with prefrontal and association cortex which makes them apart of the Papez Circuit
