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Anatomy Unit II: Head and Neck > Cranial Cavity > Flashcards

Cranial Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the floor of the cranial cavity?

A

parts of the frontal, ethmoid, temporal, sphenoid, parietal, and occipital bones

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2
Q

in which cranial fossae does the frontal lobe lie?

A

anterior cranial fossa

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3
Q

in which cranial fossae does the temporal loeb lie?

A

middle cranial fossae

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4
Q

what lies in the posterior cranial fossae?

A

cerebellum and part of the brain stem

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5
Q

what bones is the anterior cranial fossa made up of?

A
  1. frontal
  2. ethmoid
  3. sphenoid (lesser wings)
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6
Q

what are some of the prominent features of the anterior cranial fossa?

A
  • frontal crest of the frontal bone
  • crista galli of ethmoid
  • cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
  • orbital portion of frontal bone
  • lesser wings of sphenoid
  • anterior clinoid process of sphenoid
  • optic canal (opening in the sphenoid bone)
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7
Q

in which cranial fossa does the frontal crest of the frontal bone lie?

A

anterior cranial fossa

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8
Q

in which cranial fossa does the crista galli of ethmoid bone lie?

A

anterior cranial fossa

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9
Q

in which cranial fossa does the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone lie?

A

anterior cranial fossa

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10
Q

in which cranial fossa does the orbital portion of frontal bone lie?

A

Anterior cranial fossa

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11
Q

in which cranial fossa does the lesser wings of sphenoid bone lie?

A

anterior cranial fossa

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12
Q

in which cranial fossa does the anterior clinoid processes of the sphenoid bone lie?

A

anterior cranial fossa

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13
Q

in which cranial fossa does the optic canal opening lie?

A

Anterior cranial fossa

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14
Q

what bones make up the middle cranial fossa?

A

parts of the

  1. sphenoid
  2. temporal
  3. parietal bones
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15
Q

in which cranial fossa does the cavernous sinus lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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16
Q

in which cranial fossa does the body and greater wings of the sphenoid (including the sella turcica) lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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17
Q

in which cranial fossa does the anterior portion of the petrous temporal bone (including the tegmen tympani) lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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18
Q

in which cranial fossa does the superior orbital fissue lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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19
Q

in which cranial fossa does the foramen rotundum lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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20
Q

in which cranial fossa does the foramen ovale lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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21
Q

in which cranial fossa does the foramen spinosum lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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22
Q

in which cranial fossa does the foramen lacerum lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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23
Q

in which cranial fossa does the opening of the carotid canal lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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24
Q

in which cranial fossa does the groove for middle meningeal artery lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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25
Q

in which cranial fossa does the groove and hiatus for greater petrosal nerve lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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26
Q

in which cranial fossa does the groove and hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve lie?

A

middle cranial fossa

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27
Q

what bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?

A

parts of

  1. temporal
  2. occipital
  3. sphenoid
  4. parietal bones
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28
Q

in which cranial fossa does the clivus lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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29
Q

in which cranial fossa does the posterior part of the petrous temporal bone lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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30
Q

in which cranial fossa does the internal occipital protuberance lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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31
Q

in which cranial fossa does the foramen magnum lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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32
Q

in which cranial fossa does the internal acoustic meatus lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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33
Q

in which cranial fossa does the jugular foramen lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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34
Q

in which cranial fossa does the hypoglossal canal lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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35
Q

in which cranial fossa does the groove for the inferior petrosal sinus lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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36
Q

in which cranial fossa does the groove for transverse sinus lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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37
Q

in which cranial fossa does the groove for sigmoid sinus lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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38
Q

what are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

periosteal and meningeal

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39
Q

what are dural sinuses?

A

venous structures that form where the two layers of the dura mater split
-essentiall a “vein” within the dura (contains venous blood)

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40
Q

is the dura of the brain continuous with the dura of the spinal cord?

A

you bet it is!

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41
Q

what are dural partitions

A

formed by the dura, separate parts of the brain

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42
Q

what is the falx cerebri attached to?

A

crista galli, frontal crest, and tentorium cerebelli

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43
Q

what does the falx cerebri separate?

A

the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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44
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli attached to?

A

occipital bone and petrous ridge of temporal bone

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45
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

cerebeullum and occipital lobes

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46
Q

what does the falx cerebelli attach to?

A

tentorium and internal occipital crest

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47
Q

what does the falx cerebelli separate?

A

right and left cerebellar hemispheres

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48
Q

what does the diaphragma sellae cover? what passes through it? what type of structure is it?

A

a dural partition;

covers the hypohyseal fossa and the infundibulum of the pituitary gland passes through a hole in it

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49
Q

between what layers of the skull do the meningeal arteries lie between?

A

skull + dural

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50
Q

is the dura vascularized?

A

YES! well supplied by arteries, specifically the middle meningeal artery (from the maxillary artery)

51
Q

where does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull? what region of the skull does it cross?

A

enters the skull through the foramen spinosum and crosses the region of the pterion

52
Q

what nerves innervate the dura?

A

branches of the trigeminal never (V1 mainly) and upper cervical nerves

53
Q

what layer (s) of the meninges enter the grooves of the brain?

A

ONLY PIA (not arachnoid)

54
Q

what are arachnoid granulations?

A

They protrude into the dural sinuses of the brain (contain venous blood), and absorb CSF so that CSF can exit the sub-arachnoid space and enter the blood stream.

-large granulations projecting into the superior sagittal sinus

55
Q

what layer of the skull contains the CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

56
Q

where is the pia mater located? what is unique to the pia mater?

A

right on the surface of the brain

it enters all the grooves and fissures of the brain

57
Q

where is the extradural space located?

A

between the skull and dura (potential space)

58
Q

where is the subdural space located?

A

between the dura and arachnoid (potential space)

59
Q

where is the subarachnoid space located?

A

actual space between arachnoid and pia mater; filled with CSF

60
Q

what is the course of cerebral spinal fluid (where is it made and to what/through what does it flow)?

A

formed within in the ventricles of the brain (spaces within the cerebrum and brain stem); leaves the ventricular system through specific foramina and passes into the subarachnoid space; flows around the brain and spinal cord

61
Q

when does cranial swelling occur?

A

when CSF can’t drain

62
Q

what are the little depression in the skull formed by?

A

arachnoid granulations

63
Q

what is the purpose of arachnoid granulations?

A

transfer CSF from the subarachnoid space to the dural sinus (for venous drainage)

64
Q

describe the path of the vertebral arteries

A
  1. arise from the subclavian artery
  2. pass through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae 6-1
  3. traverse posterior arch of atlas
  4. enter the foramen magnum
  5. right and left vertebral arteries come together to form the basilar artery
65
Q

what does the vertebral artery supply?

A

branches supply the spinal cord and cerebellum

66
Q

what does the basilar artery supply?

A

cerebeullum and brain stem

67
Q

what branch does the basilar artery give rise to?

A

posterior cerebral arteries

68
Q

describe the path of the internal carotid artery

A
  1. enters the skull through carotid canal
  2. crosses foramen lacerum (DOESNT GO THROUGH IT)
  3. passes through cavernous sinus
  4. occupies groove in the sphenoid bone
  5. turns up and back forming an “S” shaped carotid siphon
69
Q

what are the branches of the internal carotid artery?

A
  1. opthalamic
  2. posterior communicating
  3. middle cerebral
  4. anterior cerebral

(called the internal carotid until it splits totally into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries)

70
Q

what does the posterior communicating artery connect?

A

connects the internal carotid artery and the posterior cerebral artery

71
Q

What does the anterior communicating artery connect?

A

the two anterior cerebral arteries

72
Q

what the cerebral arterial circle (of willis) encircle?

A

pituitary gland

73
Q

what does the cerebral arterial circle (of willis) contain?

A

basically an anastomoses between the internal carotid and vertebral artery branches around the pituitary gland (therefore a blockage would not cause a stroke)

-made up of the anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, internal carotid, posterior cerebral, and posterior communicating arteries

74
Q

what is the carotid siphon?

A

a portion of the internal carotid artery from the carotid canal until it divides into the medial and anterior cerebral arteries
-it is a site of stenosis and is a landmark on radiological images

75
Q

what is unique to the structure of the veins in the cranial cavities?

A

DONT HAVE VALVES

76
Q

what is the significance of the valve-less veins of the cranial cavity?

A

allows for blood flow in either direction; thus infection or cancers from elsewhere can spread to the brain easily

77
Q

what does the cerebral, cerebellar, and brain stem veins drain? where do they empty blood?

A

they drain the brain and brain stem; empty into the dural sinuses

78
Q

what is the great cerebral vein (of Galen) drain into?

A

its a large vein that drains into the straight sinus (drains the brain and the brainstem)

79
Q

what do the diploic veins drain? where do they empty?

A

drain the bones of the skull and empty into the dural venous sinuses

**diploic = spongy bone between the two layers of compact bone

80
Q

what do emissary veins connect?

A

connect areas outside of the cranial cavity (ie: scalp and pterygoid plexus) to the dural sinuses

81
Q

where are dural sinuses located?

A

endothelial lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of dura

82
Q

what is the function of the dural sinuses?

A

a system of valveless veins; the blood and CSF from the sinuses ultimately ends up in the internal jugular vein

83
Q

where do the dual sinuses empty into?

A

internal jugular vein

84
Q

where is the superior sagittal sinus located

A

in the superior border of the falx cerebri

85
Q

what drains into the superior sagittal sinus

A

cerebral, diploic, and emissary veins

also, the arachnoid granulations

86
Q

what does the superior sagittal sinus drain into?

A

the confluence of sinuses

87
Q

where is the inferior sagittal sinus located?

A

in the lower border of the falx cerebri

88
Q

what drains into the inferior sagittal sinus

A

a few cerebral veins

89
Q

what does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into?

A

straight sinus

90
Q

where is the straight sinus located?

A

at the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

91
Q

what drains into the straight sinus?

A

the great cerebral vein (of galen), and the inferior sagittal sinus

92
Q

what does the straight sinus drain into?

A

the confluence of sinuses

93
Q

where is the occipital sinus located?

A

falx cerebelli

94
Q

what drains into the occipital sinus?

A

vertebral venous plexus

95
Q

what does the occipital sinus drain into?

A

confluence of sinuses

96
Q

where is the confluence of sinuses located?

A

it is a space at the internal occipital protuberance

97
Q

what drains into the confluence of sinuses

A

superior sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses

98
Q

what does the confluence of sinuses drain into?

A

the right and left transverse sinuses

99
Q

where is the transverse sinuses located?

A

run along the posterior and lateral attachments of the tentorium cerebelli

100
Q

what drains into the transverse sinuses?

A

superior petrosal sinuses, cerebral, and cerebellar veins; superior sagittal sinus goes to right transverse sinus; straight sinus to the left transverse sinus

101
Q

what does the transverse sinuses drain into?

A

sigmoid sinuses

102
Q

where are the sigmoid sinuses located?

A

between the transverse sinues and internal jugular veins

103
Q

what drains into the sigmoid sinuses

A

transverse sinus and other veins

104
Q

where does the sigmoid sinuses drain into?

A

the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen

105
Q

where are the cavernous sinuses located?

A

along the lateral side of the body of the sphenoid

106
Q

what passes through the cavernous sinuses

A

internal carotid artery and abducent nerve

107
Q

what drains into the cavernous sinuses

A

cerebral veins, ophthalmic veins, and emissary veins; also sphenoparietal sinuses

108
Q

what does the cavernous sinuses drain into?

A

superior petrosal sinuses and inferior petrosal sinuses

109
Q

how do infections travel into the cranial cavity via the cavernous sinuses?

A

because they are connected to each other, to ophthalmic veins and to emissary veins from the pterygoid plexus in the IT fossa (outside of the cranial cavity); Thus infections can pass from outside to the cranial cavity inside

110
Q

what do the intercavernous sinuses connect?

A

right and left cavernous sinuses

111
Q

where are the sphenoparietal sinuses located?

A

along the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

112
Q

what do the sphenoparietal sinuses drain?

A

diploic veins

113
Q

where are superior petrosal sinuses located?

A

along the ridge of the petrous bone and

114
Q

what do the superior petrosal sinuses drain?

A

the cavernous sinuses

115
Q

where do the superior petrosal sinuses drain into?

A

transverse sinus

116
Q

where are the inferior petrosal sinuses located?

A

in the groove between petrous temporal bone and occipital bone

117
Q

what do the inferior petrosal sinuses drain?

A

the cavernous sinuses and other veins

118
Q

where do the inferior petrosal sinuses drain into?

A

the internal jugular veins

119
Q

where is the basilar sinus located?

A

on the clivus of the occipital bone

120
Q

what does the basilar sinus connect? and what does it communicate with

A

connects inferior petrosal sinuses and communicates with the vertebral venous plexus

121
Q

what structures are found in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?

A

oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), ophthalmic division of the trigeminal (V1) and the maxillary division of the trigeminal (V2)

122
Q

Extradural Intracranial hemorrhage: where does it occur? what is it usually caused by? symptoms?

A

bleeding between the dura and the skull

  • caused by tearing of middle meningeal artery due to head injury
  • symptoms: brief unconscousness, lucid period, then rapid drowsiness and unconscious
123
Q

Subdural Intracranial hemorrhage: where does it occur? what is it usually caused by? symptoms?

A

bleeding between the dura and arachnoid

  • caused by torn cerebral vein where they enter the superior sagittal sinus
  • usually occurs in very young and elderly or due to trauma (weak veins)
  • symptoms: injury may seem minor; insidious loss of consciousness/change in personality
124
Q

subarachnoid Intracranial hemorrhage: where does it occur? what is it usually caused by? symptoms?

A

between arachnoid and pia mater

  • caused by aneurysm of vessels of arterial circle
  • due to trauma

Anatomy Unit II: Head and Neck (15 decks)

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