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A Level Chemistry > 11.1-organic Chemistry > Flashcards

11.1-organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What does nomenclature mean?

A

The system used for naming organic compounds

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2
Q

What does the term molecular formula mean?

A

Provides the actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule

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3
Q

Define displayed formula

A

Shows every atom and every bond in a molecule

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4
Q

Define structural formula

A

Shows me arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond

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5
Q

Define skeletal formula

A
  • Type of formula which is drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom
  • carbon atoms are not drawn
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6
Q

Define homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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7
Q

Define a functional group

A

A group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound

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8
Q

What is a aliphatic hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a straight line or branched chain

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9
Q

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbons arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

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10
Q

Define an aromatic hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene ring

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11
Q

Give the suffixes for :
-no double bonds
- at least one double bond
- an alcohol
- an aldehyde
- a ketone
- a carboxylic acid

A

1.- ane
2. -ene
3. -ol
4. -al
5. -one
6. -oic acid

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12
Q

Give the prefix for CH3 group

A

Methyl-

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13
Q

Give the prefix for C2H5

A

Ethyl-

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14
Q

Give the prefix for C3H7

A

Propyl-

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15
Q

Give the prefix for C4H9

A

Butyl-

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16
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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17
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

18
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

19
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Organic compounds which only contain single bonds

20
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

Organic compounds that contain at least one carbon-carbon double covalent bond

21
Q

Define structural isomerism

A

When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

22
Q

What are the 3 ways in which structural isomers can be formed?

A
  1. Alkyl groups can be in different places
  2. Functional groups can be bonded to different parts
  3. There can be different functional groups
23
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but have different arrangement of atoms in space

24
Q

What is E-Z isomerism and how are E and Z isomers differentiated?

A

• E-Z isomerism is caused by the limited rotation about C=C double bonds
• if the two substituents with the highest molecular mass are on the same side of the double bond , it is the Z isomer
• if they are on different sides it is the E isomer

25
Q

What is cis-trans isomerism?

A

Special type of E/Z isomerism where the two substituents on each carbon atom are the same

26
Q

What is homolyticfission?

A

Occurs when each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals

27
Q

What is heterolyticfission?

A

When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair

28
Q

What are radicals?

A

Highly reactive, neutral species

29
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

Electron pair acceptors

30
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A

Electron pair donators

31
Q

Define sigma Bond

A
  • 2 orbitals
  • each with 1 electron interact end to end
  • single bond because only 1 pair of orbitals can overlap at a time
  • can be : S-S overlap , s-p overlap or p-p overlap
32
Q

Define cylindrical symmetry

A

electron density forms tube around internuclear axis of sigma bond allowing bound atoms to rotate around axis

33
Q

What is s-s overlap ?

A

2 S-orbitals overlap end-end with a region of electron density on bond / internuclear axis

34
Q

What is the s-p overlap?

A

1s orbital and 1p orbital overlap end-end with region of electron density on orbital axis

35
Q

What is the p-p overlap for sigma bonds?

A

2 p orbitals overlap end-end

36
Q

Define a pi bond

A

• 2 orbitals each with 1 electron
• overlap side by side usually p-p overlap
• multiple bonds
• atoms cannot rotate independently from one another

37
Q

What happens when p-p overlap for pi bonds?

A

2 p- orbitals overlap side by side with electron densities above and below internuclear axis

38
Q

What bond is in a single bond?

A

1 sigma

39
Q

What bonds are in double bonds?

A

1 sigma, 1 pi

40
Q

What bonds are in triple bonds?

A

1 sigma, 2 pi

41
Q

What condition does nucleophilic substitution require?

A

Heat under reflux, requires an acid catalyst

A Level Chemistry (44 decks)

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