11. Theories of Learning Flashcards
Define learning and its course.
- The relatively permanent change in performance that results from practice or experience
- Occurs in identifiable stages
What happens to a skill if you haven’t practiced for a while?
It becomes rusty
List the major theories of learning.
- Fitts & Posner 3 Stage model
- Adams 2 Stage Model
- Gentile 2 Stage Model
- Schmidt’s Schema Theory
Which theory of learning is most classically referred to?
Fitts & Posner’s 3 Stage Model
What are the stages of Fitts and Posner’s 3 Stage Model?
- Verbal-Cognitive Stage
- Associative (Motor) Stage
- Autonomous Stage
Describe the Verbal-Cognitive Stage of Fitts and Posner’s 3 Stage Model.
- Rapid improvement
- Decide goals of movement
- Lots of self-talk (thinking self through movement)
- Duration = mins - days
Describe the Associative (Motor) Stage of Fitts and Posner’s 3 Stage Model.
- Improved accuracy
- Better consistency of movement
- Decreased energy expenditure –> efficiency of movement
- Increased speed & improved timing
- Decreased self-talk
- Duration = minutes - years
Describe the Autonomous Stage of Fitts and Posner’s 3 Stage Model.
- Movement is highly proficient
- Attention demands are reduced
- Movement & sensory analysis is relatively automatic
- Strategy, style are emphasized more
- Duration = life (w/ practice)
Explain Adam’s 2 Stage Model.
- Verbal-Motor Stage (combo of FItts & Posner’s first 2 stages)
- Motor Stage
What are the stages of Gentile’s 2 Stage Model?
- “Getting the idea of the movement” Stage
- Fixation/Diversification Stage
Describe the “Getting the idea of the movement” Stage of Gentile’s 2 Stage Model.
- Learner understands the concepts and goals of movement
- Identifying relevant and irrelevant stimuli
- Establishing movement pattern –> refining motor program
Describe the Fixation/Diversification Stage of Gentile’s 2 Stage Model.
- Learner must be able to produce the skill across situations
- Learner must increase consistency
- Adapt basic motor programs to changing spatial and temporal conditions
- Open skills = diversification
- Closed skills = fixation
What are the features of Schmidt’s Schema Theory?
- Recall & Recognition Schemas
- Generalized Motor Programs
- Feedback
- Novel Responses
What are the 2 kinds of schemas according to Schmidt? Sources?
RECALL = how we select & initiate movements -initial conditions -parameters from past performances -outcome of past performances RECOGNITION = evaluates & corrects initiated movements -initial conditions -response outcomes -sensory consequences
What are the problems with the models of learning?
- Large part of the theories are based on one type of Motor Learning experimental research
- Contradictory evidence
