1.1 social development Flashcards
define social behaviour
any action that is influenced directly or indirectly, by the actual, imagined, expected, or implied presence of others
what influences social behaviour?
biological, psychological and social factors from time of birth
is smiling and crying social behaviour (in infants)?
no, it has no social meaning to the infant HOWEVER caregivers respond to these behaviour as if they were social
what is smiling to newborn infants?
a spontaneous, reflexive smile characterised by a simple turning up of the corners of the mouth
How long do infants reflex smile?
observed throughout first month
at what age is social smiling observed?
appears at around 4-6 weeks BUT not frequent and unambiguous until 3 months
at what age does social smiling become selective?
at about 6 months of age
At what age can infants clearly distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar adults and different sources of comfort?
6 months of age- failure to show social smiling by 6 months is considered an early sign of autism
why is reflex smiling important when it isn’t considered to be a social behaviour?
provides basis of an infant’s first real positive social interaction and can draw an infant and caregiver closer together
is crying reflexive in infants?
yes- it’s a reflexive response w a survival function- helps to supply the blood w oxygen and inflates the lungs so that independent breathing can commence
how does crying help infants communicate?
It conveys messages about various needs such as hunger and thirst and various states such as pain and discomfort
impact of crying on infant-caregiver relationship?
it provides basis of social interaction and formation of social relationships w others
caregiver responding to crying infant can help strengthen relationship BUT if theres a pattern of persistent crying and a frustrated caregiver then it can delay the formation of a close infant-caregiver relationship or weaken existing one
What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
his theory describes the impact of certain social and cultural experiences on our social, emotional and personality development at various stages of the entire lifespan
how does social development occur?
through the combined effects of psychological processes which take place within the individual (psycho) and their life experiences, particularly interactions w other ppl
How many stages are there in Erikson’s theory and what does the stages encompass
8 stages, an individual has to deal w a specific psychosocial crisis that is normal for people at that time in life
what is a psychosocial crisis?
a personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society involving a struggle between 2 opposing tendencies- one comes from internal personal needs and the other from the demands of society
what influences our psychosocial development?
how we deal w or resolve each psychosocial crisis
is a psychosocial crisis a bad thing?
according to Erikson, no. It’s a turning point in life, not a catastrophe
what happens if you don’t resolve any psychosocial crisis?
it may have reversible consequences- it wont be permanent. Setbacks can always be overcome w attention, care and love BUT failure to resolve a conflict will have a negative effect on person’s psychosocial development and adjustment to society
Psychosocial crisis in stage 1?
trust vs mistrust:
Psychosocial crisis in stage 2?
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Psychosocial crisis in stage 3?
initiative vs guilt
Psychosocial crisis in stage 4?
industry vs inferiority
Psychosocial crisis in stage 5?
identity vs role confusion
Psychosocial crisis in stage 6?
intimacy vs isolation
Psychosocial crisis in stage 7?
generativity vs stagnation
Psychosocial crisis in stage 8?
integrity vs despair
approximate age of stage 1?
birth - 18 months
approximate age of stage 2?
18 months to 3 yrs
approximate age of stage 3?
3-5 yrs
approximate age of stage 4?
5-12 yrs
approximate age of stage 5?
12-18 yrs
approximate age of stage 6?
18-25 yrs
approximate age of stage 7?
25-65 yrs
approximate age of stage 8?
65+ yrs
developmental period of stage 1?
early infancy
developmental period of stage 2?
late infancy
developmental period of stage 3?
early childhood
developmental period of stage 4?
middle and late childhood
developmental period of stage 5?
adolescence
developmental period of stage 6?
young adulthood
developmental period of stage 7?
adulthood
developmental period of stage 8?
late adulthood
are the ages people go thru Erikson’s stages fixed?
no bc it can vary bc of each individual’s unique life experiences BUT order is fixed
is it necessary to experience each crisis
yes but u dont have to resolve it before proceeding to next stage
can different stages overlap?
yes
criticisms of Erikson’s theory?
- lack of experimental evidence: theory developed from case studies of people in a limited range of cultures and Erikson’s experiences w individuals he counselled rather than scientific research
- consideration of how sociocultural influences can have differing effects on males and females: Erikson tends to overlook female psychosoical development and typically male psychosocial development is focussed on.
- Belief that identity is found in adolescence: many psychologists who work in counselling find that people continue to search for identity well into young adulthood
- States that everyone experiences a “mid-life crisis”: several research studies show that this isn’t necessarily the case
what’s industry vs inferiority?
Positive: development of sense of competence
Negative: feelings of inferiority, no sense of mastery
where failure to succeed causes feelings of inferiority- influenced by important adults (caregivers, teachers) and peers
INCREDIBLES
what’s initiative vs guilt?
Positive: discovery of ways to initiate actions
Negative: guilt from actions and thoughts
where children learn what’s acceptable, morality, when they’ve gone too far
INSIDE OUT: when Joy gets rid of sadness
what’s identity vs role confusion?
positive: Awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed
Negative: not know who they are, where they belong or where they’re headed in life, confused about who they should be
adolescents become more independent and withdraw from peers and parents
MOANA: doesn’t know whether to be the daughter who her parents want her to be or the person she wants to- in the end she becomes both
what’s integrity vs despair?
Positive: sense of unity in life’s accomplishments
Negative: regret over lost opportunity of life
when older adults question whether they are satisfied with their life’s achievements
UP
what’s intimacy vs isolation?
Positive: development of loving, sexual relationships and close friendships
Negative: fear of relationship with others
when people are looking for romantic relationships
FROZEN
what’s generativity vs stagnation?
Positive: sense of contribution to continuity of life
Negative: trivialisation of ones activities
when adults become concerned w leaving a mark for future generations and leaving a mark on society
TOY STORY 3
what’s autonomy vs shame and doubt?
Positive: self-sufficiency if exploration is encouraged
Negative: doubts about self, lack of independence
NEMO
what’s trust vs mistrust?
Positive: feelings of trust from environment support
Negative: fear and concern regarding others
where u develop ur sense of trust and how u tend to trust others // if ur caregiver is consistent and predictable, you will trust ppl easily - even if u develop trust issues u can overcome it
MONSTERS INC
