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VCE psychology 1/2 > 1.1 social development > Flashcards

1.1 social development Flashcards

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1
Q

define social behaviour

A

any action that is influenced directly or indirectly, by the actual, imagined, expected, or implied presence of others

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2
Q

what influences social behaviour?

A

biological, psychological and social factors from time of birth

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3
Q

is smiling and crying social behaviour (in infants)?

A

no, it has no social meaning to the infant HOWEVER caregivers respond to these behaviour as if they were social

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4
Q

what is smiling to newborn infants?

A

a spontaneous, reflexive smile characterised by a simple turning up of the corners of the mouth

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5
Q

How long do infants reflex smile?

A

observed throughout first month

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6
Q

at what age is social smiling observed?

A

appears at around 4-6 weeks BUT not frequent and unambiguous until 3 months

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7
Q

at what age does social smiling become selective?

A

at about 6 months of age

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8
Q

At what age can infants clearly distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar adults and different sources of comfort?

A

6 months of age- failure to show social smiling by 6 months is considered an early sign of autism

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9
Q

why is reflex smiling important when it isn’t considered to be a social behaviour?

A

provides basis of an infant’s first real positive social interaction and can draw an infant and caregiver closer together

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10
Q

is crying reflexive in infants?

A

yes- it’s a reflexive response w a survival function- helps to supply the blood w oxygen and inflates the lungs so that independent breathing can commence

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11
Q

how does crying help infants communicate?

A

It conveys messages about various needs such as hunger and thirst and various states such as pain and discomfort

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12
Q

impact of crying on infant-caregiver relationship?

A

it provides basis of social interaction and formation of social relationships w others

caregiver responding to crying infant can help strengthen relationship BUT if theres a pattern of persistent crying and a frustrated caregiver then it can delay the formation of a close infant-caregiver relationship or weaken existing one

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13
Q

What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

A

his theory describes the impact of certain social and cultural experiences on our social, emotional and personality development at various stages of the entire lifespan

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14
Q

how does social development occur?

A

through the combined effects of psychological processes which take place within the individual (psycho) and their life experiences, particularly interactions w other ppl

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15
Q

How many stages are there in Erikson’s theory and what does the stages encompass

A

8 stages, an individual has to deal w a specific psychosocial crisis that is normal for people at that time in life

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16
Q

what is a psychosocial crisis?

A

a personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society involving a struggle between 2 opposing tendencies- one comes from internal personal needs and the other from the demands of society

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17
Q

what influences our psychosocial development?

A

how we deal w or resolve each psychosocial crisis

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18
Q

is a psychosocial crisis a bad thing?

A

according to Erikson, no. It’s a turning point in life, not a catastrophe

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19
Q

what happens if you don’t resolve any psychosocial crisis?

A

it may have reversible consequences- it wont be permanent. Setbacks can always be overcome w attention, care and love BUT failure to resolve a conflict will have a negative effect on person’s psychosocial development and adjustment to society

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20
Q

Psychosocial crisis in stage 1?

A

trust vs mistrust:

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21
Q

Psychosocial crisis in stage 2?

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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22
Q

Psychosocial crisis in stage 3?

A

initiative vs guilt

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23
Q

Psychosocial crisis in stage 4?

A

industry vs inferiority

24
Q

Psychosocial crisis in stage 5?

A

identity vs role confusion

25
Q

Psychosocial crisis in stage 6?

A

intimacy vs isolation

26
Q

Psychosocial crisis in stage 7?

A

generativity vs stagnation

27
Q

Psychosocial crisis in stage 8?

A

integrity vs despair

28
Q

approximate age of stage 1?

A

birth - 18 months

29
Q

approximate age of stage 2?

A

18 months to 3 yrs

30
Q

approximate age of stage 3?

A

3-5 yrs

31
Q

approximate age of stage 4?

A

5-12 yrs

32
Q

approximate age of stage 5?

A

12-18 yrs

33
Q

approximate age of stage 6?

A

18-25 yrs

34
Q

approximate age of stage 7?

A

25-65 yrs

35
Q

approximate age of stage 8?

A

65+ yrs

36
Q

developmental period of stage 1?

A

early infancy

37
Q

developmental period of stage 2?

A

late infancy

38
Q

developmental period of stage 3?

A

early childhood

39
Q

developmental period of stage 4?

A

middle and late childhood

40
Q

developmental period of stage 5?

A

adolescence

41
Q

developmental period of stage 6?

A

young adulthood

42
Q

developmental period of stage 7?

A

adulthood

43
Q

developmental period of stage 8?

A

late adulthood

44
Q

are the ages people go thru Erikson’s stages fixed?

A

no bc it can vary bc of each individual’s unique life experiences BUT order is fixed

45
Q

is it necessary to experience each crisis

A

yes but u dont have to resolve it before proceeding to next stage

46
Q

can different stages overlap?

A

yes

47
Q

criticisms of Erikson’s theory?

A
  1. lack of experimental evidence: theory developed from case studies of people in a limited range of cultures and Erikson’s experiences w individuals he counselled rather than scientific research
  2. consideration of how sociocultural influences can have differing effects on males and females: Erikson tends to overlook female psychosoical development and typically male psychosocial development is focussed on.
  3. Belief that identity is found in adolescence: many psychologists who work in counselling find that people continue to search for identity well into young adulthood
  4. States that everyone experiences a “mid-life crisis”: several research studies show that this isn’t necessarily the case
48
Q

what’s industry vs inferiority?

A

Positive: development of sense of competence
Negative: feelings of inferiority, no sense of mastery

where failure to succeed causes feelings of inferiority- influenced by important adults (caregivers, teachers) and peers

INCREDIBLES

49
Q

what’s initiative vs guilt?

A

Positive: discovery of ways to initiate actions
Negative: guilt from actions and thoughts

where children learn what’s acceptable, morality, when they’ve gone too far

INSIDE OUT: when Joy gets rid of sadness

50
Q

what’s identity vs role confusion?

A

positive: Awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed
Negative: not know who they are, where they belong or where they’re headed in life, confused about who they should be

adolescents become more independent and withdraw from peers and parents

MOANA: doesn’t know whether to be the daughter who her parents want her to be or the person she wants to- in the end she becomes both

51
Q

what’s integrity vs despair?

A

Positive: sense of unity in life’s accomplishments
Negative: regret over lost opportunity of life

when older adults question whether they are satisfied with their life’s achievements

UP

52
Q

what’s intimacy vs isolation?

A

Positive: development of loving, sexual relationships and close friendships
Negative: fear of relationship with others

when people are looking for romantic relationships

FROZEN

53
Q

what’s generativity vs stagnation?

A

Positive: sense of contribution to continuity of life
Negative: trivialisation of ones activities

when adults become concerned w leaving a mark for future generations and leaving a mark on society
TOY STORY 3

54
Q

what’s autonomy vs shame and doubt?

A

Positive: self-sufficiency if exploration is encouraged
Negative: doubts about self, lack of independence

NEMO

55
Q

what’s trust vs mistrust?

A

Positive: feelings of trust from environment support
Negative: fear and concern regarding others

where u develop ur sense of trust and how u tend to trust others // if ur caregiver is consistent and predictable, you will trust ppl easily - even if u develop trust issues u can overcome it

MONSTERS INC

VCE psychology 1/2 (15 decks)

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