1.1 emotional development

Question 1

secure attachment

Answer 1

• balance between dependence + exploration
• caregiver: “secure base”
• shows distress and decreases exploration when caregiver is absent
• infant enthusiastic + seeks physical contact when caregiver returns
• infant feels safe and able to depend on caregiver
• 65%

Question 2

insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 2

• doesn’t seek closeness/contact w caregiver + treats them like a stranger
• rarely cries
• ignores caregiver upon return
• may result from neglectful/abusive caregivers
  -20%

Question 3

insecure resistant attachment

Answer 3

• anxious even when caregiver near
• upset when separated
• when caregiver returns: infant approaches, cries to be picked up, then squirms/fights free
• results from caregivers who aren’t responsive to infants’ needs
• 12%

Question 4

define emotion

Answer 4

a complex reaction pattern to a personally significant event or matter that involves a mixture of physiological responses, subjective feelings and expressive behaviours

Question 5

define subjective feelings

Answer 5

inner, personal experience of emotion

Question 6

define expressive behaviour

Answer 6

overt expressions of behaviour which communicate emotions

Question 7

physiological responses

Answer 7

bodily changes such as increase in heart rate, blood pressure, RR, etc.

Question 8

define attachment

Answer 8

formation of long-lasting emotional bond between 2 individuals

Question 9

what’s attachment theory?

Answer 9

strength of an emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver

Question 10

pioneers in attachment theory?

Answer 10

Harry Harlow
Mary Ainsworth

Question 11

stranger anxiety?

Answer 11

distress/uneasiness experienced by young children when they are around people who are unfamiliar to them

Question 12

what age does stranger anxiety begin?

Answer 12

Usually begins 8-9 months and typically lasts into the 2nd yr

Question 13

what’s separation anxiety?

Answer 13

distress/uneasiness when away (or facing prospect of being away) from the person/people to whom they are attached

Question 14

separation anxiety typical age?

Answer 14

common between 6-10 months but may be experienced in later years

Question 15

Who identified disorganised attachment?

Answer 15

Mary Main, Judith Solomon

Question 16

Characteristics of disorganised attachment?

Answer 16

• inconsistent/odd/contradictory behaviours during separation from and reunion w caregivers
• form of insecure attachment
• tend to respond to reunion w caregiver w fearful or odd behaviours such as rocking, ear pulling, going into a trance-like state

Question 17

Adulthood for children w disorganised attachment?

Answer 17

adults find it difficult to have close relationships, to open up to other or seek out help/support

trust issues- they were unable to trust those they relied on for care and safety when growing up

disorganised attachment is a risk factor for mental health disorders

Question 18

What causes disorganised attachment?

Answer 18

may be
- infant maltreatment
- hostile caregiving
- post-natal depression
- mother w unresolved trauma (e.g. separation, divorce, death)

But disorganised attachment also in “normal” families

Origins not clear yet

Question 19

Impact of attachment types (Ainsworth) (as infants) in later life?

Answer 19

Secure attachments
- good self-esteem
- seek social support when they need it
- have trusting, lasting relationships
- comfortable sharing feelings w friends and partners

Insecure attachments
- may experience anxiety, inner turmoil
- trust issues
- reluctant to form close relationships w others

Question 20

what species of monkey did Harlow use and why?

Answer 20

Apes and monkeys are the most closely related to humans behaviourally, anatomically, and physiologically

Rhesus monkeys- share over 90% genes w humans

Question 21

name of Harlow’s famous monkey experiment?

Answer 21

Wire Mother Experiment

Question 22

Wire Mother experiment aim?

Answer 22

To find out whether provision of food or contact comfort is more important in the formation of infant-mother attachment

Question 23

How many monkeys participated in the Wire Mother experiment?

Answer 23

8 Rhesus monkeys
4 raised by wire mother who gave food , 4 raised by cloth mother provided food

Question 24

WME: IV?

Answer 24

provision of food by either a cloth or wire surrogate mother

Question 25

WME: DV?

Answer 25

Amount of contact time spent w cloth and wire surrogate mothers

Question 26

WME: results?

Answer 26

all monkeys spent far more time w the cloth surrogate than the wire mother- regardless of which provided food

Question 27

WME: conclusion?

Answer 27

contact comfort is more important than feeding in the formation of infant-mother attachment in Rhesus monkeys

Question 28

WME: Generalisation?

Answer 28

contact comfort is likely to be a crucial factor in human infant-caregiver attachment

Question 29

How did the monkeys transfer their affections?

Answer 29

When they needed to eat, they would go to the wire mother but quickly return to cuddle with the cloth mother

Question 30

Fear test and WME?

Answer 30

They frightened the monkeys w a mechanical machine- all the monkeys clung onto the cloth mother

Question 31

Unfamiliar environment and WME?

Answer 31

The monkeys would not run to the wire mother but the cloth one- without the mother they would withdraw and not explore the environment

After cuddling w the cloth mother they would explore the area

Question 32

define privation

Answer 32

absence of the opportunity to satisfy something that is needed or desired, in WME, the need for social contact.

Privation is different from deprivation, which involves the initial presence and then removal of what is needed.