11 Principles of Innate Immunity

Question 1

What are the five types of infectious pathogens?

Answer 1

1. Bacteria
2. Virus
3. Fungi
4. Worms
5. Protozoan

Question 2

What innate immune response is best at dealing with extracelluar pathogens?

Answer 2

Complement a
Opsonization
Ab neutralization (via B1 cells)

Question 3

What innate immune cells are best at dealing with cytoplasmic infection?

Answer 3

CD8 and NK cells

Question 4

What innate immune cells are best at dealing with vesicular infection?

Answer 4

T cell activated macrophages

Question 5

What are the innate immune cells?

Answer 5

Macrphages, Neutrophils, NK cells

Question 6

What are the main innate defenses?

Answer 6

Physical (Mechainical, Chemical, Microbial) Barriers
Complement (Alternative and Lectin Pathways
Macrophages and Neutrophils

Question 7

What are the chemical barriers of the innate immune response?

Answer 7

acid

proteins: cryptidins, defensins, amphipathic peptides, lysozymes

Question 8

What innate defense enzyme is secreted in spit and tears?

Answer 8

Lysozyme

Question 9

What innate defense enzyme is inserted into bacterial outer envelopes?

Answer 9

Amphipathic peptides

Question 10

What is the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway?

Answer 10

C3b,Bb

Question 11

What is the C3 convertase of the Classical pathway?

Answer 11

C4b,C2a

Question 12

What is special about complement markings?

Answer 12

Complement binding is permanent

Question 13

What are the complement regulating enzymes?

Answer 13

Cell:
    CR1
    DAF
    MCP
    CD59 (binds MAC)
Plasma: 
   Factor H
   Factor I (Degrades C3b)

Question 14

What do macrophages kill with?

Answer 14

acid
ROS (NO is also a ROS)
Competitors (Lactoferrin binds iron, B12 binding protein)
Proteins

Question 15

What macrophage produced enzyme binds iron?

Answer 15

Lactoferrin

Question 16

What macrophage produced enzyme effects the major metabolism coenzyme of cells?

Answer 16

B12 binding protein

reason sensory loss after infection: dorsal root ganglia have lowered coenzyme availability and sensory nerves misfire

Question 17

What cells are the first to arrive in the inflammatory response?

Answer 17

Neutrophils

Question 18

What cells signal Neutrophil release from the bone marrow?

Answer 18

Macrophages and NK cells

Question 19

What enzyme is involved in producing the oxidative burst?

Answer 19

NADPH dependent oxidase

Question 20

What are the three types of PRRs and what are their overview functions?

Answer 20

Endocytic PRRs: Clean up dead cells carbs.
Signalling PRRs: Sensors for cytokine production
Secreted PRRs: Complement Proteins

Question 21

What are two secreted complement protein PRRs?

Answer 21

C reactive protein (Alternative path, Cq binds)

Mannose binding protein (Lectin pathway)

Question 22

How many hours after pathogen infestation does it take for early adaptive responses to occur?

Answer 22

usually 4 hours

Question 23

What is the overview point of early adaptive responses?

Answer 23

Control of infection

TNFa makes clotting of region, inflammation sets in, migration begins

Question 24

What are the markers of acute phase response?

Answer 24

Fever production
Complement upregulation
B1 cell antibodies form

Question 25

What are the main cells that control viral infections?

Answer 25

NK

CD8 T cells

Question 26

What activates NK cells?

Answer 26

IFNa and b (class I IFNs)
IL12

Question 27

What do Class one IFNs do?

Answer 27

Reduce neighbor cell susceptibility
Activate NK cells
Upregulate MHC class I expression

Question 28

What signal is missing when a NK cell kills a cell?

Answer 28

MHC class I (hopefully non-self cells do not express this)