11. Morality: Knowing Right, Doing Good

Question 1

altruistic behavior

Answer 1

Intrinsically motivated conduct intended to help others without expectation of acknowledgment or reward.

Question 2

conscience

Answer 2

Internalized values and standards of moral behavior.

Question 3

conventional level

Answer 3

Kohlberg’s second phase of moral devel- opment in which moral judgment is based on the motive to conform, either to get approval from others or to follow society’s rules and conventions.

Question 4

delay of gratification

Answer 4

Putting off until a later time possessing or doing something that gives one immediate pleasure.

Question 5

empathic reasoning

Answer 5

An advanced type of prosocial reason- ing involving sympathetic responding, self-reflective role taking, concern with the other’s humanness, and guilt or positive affect related to the consequences of one’s actions.

Question 6

hedonistic reasoning

Answer 6

Making a decision to perform a prosocial act on the basis of expected material reward.

Question 7

immanent justice

Answer 7

The notion that any deviation from rules

will inevitably result in punishment or retribution.

Question 8

internalize

Answer 8

The process by which children acquire the rules and standards of behavior laid down by others in their culture and adopt them as their own.

Question 9

internalized reasoning

Answer 9

The most advanced type of prosocial reasoning in which justifications for helping are based on the importance of maintaining societal obligations or treating all people as equal.

Question 10

moral absolutism

Answer 10

Rigid application of rules to all individuals regardless of their culture or circumstance.

Question 11

moral realism

Answer 11

Piaget’s second stage of moral development in which children show great respect for rules and apply them quite inflexibly.

Question 12

moral reciprocity

Answer 12

Piaget’s third stage of moral development in which children recognize that rules may be questioned and altered, consider the feelings and views of others, and believe in equal justice for all.

Question 13

needs-oriented reasoning

Answer 13

Prosocial judgments in which chil- dren express concern for others’ needs although their own needs may conflict with them.

Question 14

postconventional level

Answer 14

Kohlberg’s third phase of moral development in which judgments are controlled by an internalized ethical code that is relatively independent of the approval or disapproval of others.

Question 15

preconventional level

Answer 15

Kohlberg’s first phase of moral development in which justification for behavior is based on the desire to avoid punishment and gain rewards.

Question 16

promoral stage

Answer 16

Piaget’s first phase of moral development in which children show little concern for rules.

Question 17

prosocial behavior

Answer 17

Conduct to help or benefit other people.

Question 18

prosocial reasoning

Answer 18

Thinking and making judgments about prosocial issues.

Question 19

psychological domain

Answer 19

An area of social judgment focused on beliefs and knowledge of self and others.

Question 20

self-regulation

Answer 20

The ability to use strategies and plans to control one’s behavior in the absence of external surveillance, including inhibiting inappropriate behavior and delaying gratification.

Question 21

social-conventional level

Answer 21

An area of social judgment focused on social expectations, norms, and regularities that help facilitate smooth and efficient functioning in society.

Question 22

sympathy

Answer 22

The feeling of sorrow or concern for a distressed or needy person.