11. minerals ad trace elements

Question 1

Examples of macro elements:

Answer 1

Ca, P, P, S, K, Na, Cl, Mg

Question 2

Essential trace elements:

Answer 2

Fe, Zi, Cu, Ma, Se,

Question 3

What’s homeostasis?

Answer 3

Homeostatic mechanisms controls the mineral concentration in the body by regulation of:
Absorption
Storage
Excretion

Question 4

Calcium

Answer 4

Skeleton 99% the rest blood and tissues
Needed for: structure od skeleton, muscolar contraction, trasmission of nerve signal, regulation of blood pressure

PTH and Calcitonin regulates it

Question 5

How the calcium is uptaken in the intestine?

Answer 5

Transcellular: active uptake by the mucosal protein: calbindin
Paracellular: passive uptake

Question 6

absorption of Ca

Answer 6

Depending on the intake, physiologic status and vit D status
lactose, inulin, low pH promote absorption

Question 7

Calcium deficiency:

Answer 7

long term inadeguate intake or poor absorption
calcium concentration maintain the skeleton
reduced bone mass
fractures

Question 8

wht’s osteoporosis?

Answer 8

affect the whole skeleton, it concern specially spine, hip and wrist : loss of mineral and microstructure

BONS with low density

Lead to :
back pain, curved back, loss of height, reduced pulmonary function

Question 9

Risk factors of osteoporosis:

Answer 9

Low Bone mineral density
genetic factors
diet
hormones
smoking
physical inactivity
alchol
drugs

Question 10

Whats peak bone mass?

Answer 10

maximum strenght and density that bone reach in adulthood

Question 11

Prevalence and treatment of osteoporosis:

Answer 11

more women that men
affect quality of life 
one fracture lead to other fractures
tratmen: 
vit D- calcitonin 
PTH hormone increase formation on new bone mass ( parathyroidea hormone)

Question 12

Ca in nutrition:

Answer 12

ca intake maximize the positve effect of physical activity on bone
Ca and vit D have positive effect on menopause
lactose intolerance associated with low bone mass

Found in: dairty products 75%, fish vegetables berries nuts

Question 13

how is Ca measured?

Answer 13

by DEXA (bone mineral content density)

Question 14

Mg and P

Answer 14

In skeleton but also enxymatic steps
regulated by vit D, calcitonin PTH
Mg sources: green veg cereals fish meat
P sources: milk, meat, fish nuts..

Question 15

Fe

Answer 15

There is no execrection of Fe:
its execreted by intestine, skin, urine, mestruation, pregnancy lactation
almost 90% is obtained from circulating red bloods.
Iron is stored under ferritin or hemosiderin

Question 16

Iron deficiency and anemia

Answer 16

deficiency: depleted iron stores or low formation of red bloos cells
anemia: sever stage also low heamoglobin levels
2 billion people (infants, children woman in fertile age)

Question 17

How is Fe measured?

Answer 17

S-ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, hemoglobin

Question 18

Anemia symptoms:

Answer 18

general fatigue
weakness
pale skin
shortness of breath
swelling or soreness tongue

Incide su:
work performance
immune response
attenction, memory…

Question 19

causes of anemia:

Answer 19

inadequate intakes of iron
low iron absorption
blood losses
other disease

Question 20

Describe the two forms of Iron

Answer 20

Haeme iron: animal source
non haeme iron: plant source (polyphenols, phytate)
which absorbtion is strongly influenced by other dietary components

Question 21

Enhancers and inhibitors:

Answer 21

yes: meat, fish, ascorbic acid
no: soy proteins calcium ( may interact but no negative effect)

an ornage juice has more iron than a whole breakfast with tea coffee bread…
LIVER is a good source of IRON!
QUINOA, PUMPKIN SEEDS, SPINACH are good source of non heme iron

Question 22

what happen with excess of iron?

Answer 22

Hemosiderosis and Hemochromatosis

excessive iron absorption and organ demage and organ failure!

Question 23

Zinc:

Answer 23

involved in the metabolism of charbohydrates, proteins, lipids... 
Zinc containing binding proteins belong to the class of protein of transcription factors
stabilization of cell membrne
important for immune system and growth

Question 24

Absorption and storage:

Answer 24

absorption affected by dietary composition
the body has no specific reserve

Is in skeletal muscles, bone, skin…

Question 25

3 groups of availability of zinc:

Answer 25

high: based on animal proteins (red meat, mussels, dairy)
medium: whole grain cereals
low: based on cereal and legumes without animal proteins

Question 26

Zinc deficiency:

Answer 26

poor growth
suscetibility to infection
poor wound healing
hair losses

Question 27

Zinc excess:

Answer 27

Kidney injury
Those with haemachromatosis may absorb larger amounts of zinc
pesticides contain zinc salt
compounds used to make paints ruber…
symptoms:
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anemia…

Long exposure to toxic: Disturbance in Cu, Fe metabolism
atherogenic
affect caricac functions