11. minerals ad trace elements Flashcards
Examples of macro elements:
Ca, P, P, S, K, Na, Cl, Mg
Essential trace elements:
Fe, Zi, Cu, Ma, Se,
What’s homeostasis?
Homeostatic mechanisms controls the mineral concentration in the body by regulation of:
Absorption
Storage
Excretion
Calcium
Skeleton 99% the rest blood and tissues
Needed for: structure od skeleton, muscolar contraction, trasmission of nerve signal, regulation of blood pressure
PTH and Calcitonin regulates it
How the calcium is uptaken in the intestine?
Transcellular: active uptake by the mucosal protein: calbindin
Paracellular: passive uptake
absorption of Ca
Depending on the intake, physiologic status and vit D status
lactose, inulin, low pH promote absorption
Calcium deficiency:
long term inadeguate intake or poor absorption
calcium concentration maintain the skeleton
reduced bone mass
fractures
wht’s osteoporosis?
affect the whole skeleton, it concern specially spine, hip and wrist : loss of mineral and microstructure
BONS with low density
Lead to :
back pain, curved back, loss of height, reduced pulmonary function
Risk factors of osteoporosis:
Low Bone mineral density genetic factors diet hormones smoking physical inactivity alchol drugs
Whats peak bone mass?
maximum strenght and density that bone reach in adulthood
Prevalence and treatment of osteoporosis:
more women that men affect quality of life one fracture lead to other fractures tratmen: vit D- calcitonin PTH hormone increase formation on new bone mass ( parathyroidea hormone)
Ca in nutrition:
ca intake maximize the positve effect of physical activity on bone
Ca and vit D have positive effect on menopause
lactose intolerance associated with low bone mass
Found in: dairty products 75%, fish vegetables berries nuts
how is Ca measured?
by DEXA (bone mineral content density)
Mg and P
In skeleton but also enxymatic steps
regulated by vit D, calcitonin PTH
Mg sources: green veg cereals fish meat
P sources: milk, meat, fish nuts..
Fe
There is no execrection of Fe:
its execreted by intestine, skin, urine, mestruation, pregnancy lactation
almost 90% is obtained from circulating red bloods.
Iron is stored under ferritin or hemosiderin
Iron deficiency and anemia
deficiency: depleted iron stores or low formation of red bloos cells
anemia: sever stage also low heamoglobin levels
2 billion people (infants, children woman in fertile age)
How is Fe measured?
S-ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, hemoglobin
Anemia symptoms:
general fatigue weakness pale skin shortness of breath swelling or soreness tongue
Incide su:
work performance
immune response
attenction, memory…
causes of anemia:
inadequate intakes of iron
low iron absorption
blood losses
other disease
Describe the two forms of Iron
Haeme iron: animal source
non haeme iron: plant source (polyphenols, phytate)
which absorbtion is strongly influenced by other dietary components
Enhancers and inhibitors:
yes: meat, fish, ascorbic acid
no: soy proteins calcium ( may interact but no negative effect)
an ornage juice has more iron than a whole breakfast with tea coffee bread…
LIVER is a good source of IRON!
QUINOA, PUMPKIN SEEDS, SPINACH are good source of non heme iron
what happen with excess of iron?
Hemosiderosis and Hemochromatosis
excessive iron absorption and organ demage and organ failure!
Zinc:
involved in the metabolism of charbohydrates, proteins, lipids... Zinc containing binding proteins belong to the class of protein of transcription factors stabilization of cell membrne important for immune system and growth
Absorption and storage:
absorption affected by dietary composition
the body has no specific reserve
Is in skeletal muscles, bone, skin…
3 groups of availability of zinc:
high: based on animal proteins (red meat, mussels, dairy)
medium: whole grain cereals
low: based on cereal and legumes without animal proteins
Zinc deficiency:
poor growth
suscetibility to infection
poor wound healing
hair losses
Zinc excess:
Kidney injury
Those with haemachromatosis may absorb larger amounts of zinc
pesticides contain zinc salt
compounds used to make paints ruber…
symptoms:
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anemia…
Long exposure to toxic: Disturbance in Cu, Fe metabolism
atherogenic
affect caricac functions
