11 - Key Concepts of One Health

Question 1

Traditional approach to infectious disease

Answer 1

• Human centric
• Only considers the implication of direct/immediate factors that impact on disease
• Addresses immediate issues but not risk factors
• More useful for direct transmission anthropopathic diseases

Question 2

Miasma

Answer 2

Idea that diseases were caused by bad air

Question 3

Black death

Answer 3

• Caused by Yersinia pestis
• Spread by flea vector harbored by rats in an environment exacerbated by human activity (poor hygiene. population density, travel

Question 4

One health

Answer 4

• Interaction of human health, environmental health and animal health
• Full scope includes non infectious disease, vaccination, individual health translational medicine

Question 5

How have humans altered the environment

Answer 5

• Moving into new environments
• Habitat destruction
• Pollution
• Farming
• Over population
• Waste

Question 6

Emergence of new diseases in the era of environmental change

Answer 6

• Increase in new and reemerging diseases
• Increase in antibiotic drug resistance and rapid spread of pathogens
• Increased interaction with sylvatic animals
• Increased reliance on intensive animal farming

Question 7

Why are new diseases emerging

Answer 7

• Increasing and aging population (more susceptible people)
• Intensive agriculture, increased land use, incursions into new environments
• Environmental damage, pollution, damage to health
• Increased use of antibiotics in farming
• Climate change (vector borne disease)
• Rapid global travel, trade and transport

Question 8

How many new pathogens reported in last three decades and what % of which are zoonotic

Answer 8

More than 30, ~70% are zoonotic

Question 9

Global hotspots for disease

Answer 9

Either:
- Interactions between human and wild life
- Regions of high population and transport
- Regions of war/natural disasters
- Regions of environmental damage

Question 10

Animals and disease spread

Answer 10

• Pets
• In farming management
• Food
• In environment (sylvatic spread e.g. animal markets )

Question 11

Stage 5 human exclusive agent

Answer 11

Only human transmission

Question 12

Stage 4 long outbreak

Answer 12

Transmission from animals or (many cycles) humans

Question 13

Stage 3 limited outbreak

Answer 13

Transmission from animals or (few cycles) humans

Question 14

Stage 2 primary infection

Answer 14

Transmission only from animals

Question 15

Stage 1 agent only in animals

Answer 15

No human transmission

Question 16

Urban/epidemic cycle

Answer 16

Human <–> urban vectors or amplifying host

Question 17

Enzootic/sylvatic cycle

Answer 17

• Reservoir host <–> primary vectors (enzootic vectors) –> dead end hosts
• Amplifies urban cycle

Question 18

Epizootic/rural cycle

Answer 18

Amplifying host <–> primary or accessory vectors

Question 19

what leads to re emergence of infectious disease

Answer 19

• Naive humans moving to area of high endemic transmission or bringing new diseases to naive populations
• Population growth
• Industrialisation
• Geopolitical

Question 20

Impacts of human activity

Answer 20

• Travel
• Animal husbandry and agriculture
• Increasing population
• Environment interaction
• Climate change

Question 21

Travel

Answer 21

• Human travel
• Infected food transported across the world every day (cannot keep up with disease
  detection and surveillance)
• Enhances spread of pathogens, infected people, vectors and infected reservoirs

Question 22

Animal husbandry and Agriculture

Answer 22

• More intensive farming and destruction of habitat
• Reliance on mass production - Increasing use of chemicals, fertilisers and antibiotics
• Increasing food recycling poses danger to health

Question 23

Increasing population

Answer 23

• Increased stress on the environment
• Increased interaction in new environments lead to increase risk of new disease emergence
• Increased geopolitical instability
• Ageing populations, increased susceptibility

Question 24

Environment interaction

Answer 24

• Increasing usage of natural resources
  -Increased generation of waste
• Increasing pollution
• Food contamination, poor
  environmental health –> poor human health

Question 25

Climate change

Answer 25

• Co2 and pollution main drivers
• Earth is a finite environmental system
• Politically difficult to address
• Need a one health approach to sustain human life, animal diversity and environmental integrity

Question 26

Microbial health

Answer 26

• Human health dependent on bodies microbial health (microbiome)
• Food and environment directly determines microbial makeup
• Microbial health determines both infectious and non transmissible disease
• Microbes important in animal health and environmental health
• Microbes as drivers and markers of health