11 - evaluation of lipids

Question 1

(triglycerides)

1. broken down to what for intestinal absorption?
2. absorption requires what?
3. once in intestinal mucosal cells, what are formed from the absorbed monoglycerides and FFA?

Answer 1

1. monoglycerides and FFA
2. bile acids
3. triglycerides!

Question 2

(TGs)

1. hypertryglyceridemia normally occurs when?
2. what 6 other conditions can cause this?
3. what may falsely decrease serum TG measurment?

Answer 2

1. in the postprandial state
2. pancreatitis, hypothyroidism, DM, nephrotic syndrome, hyperadrenocorticism, cholestasis
3. ^ cholesterol

Question 3

(cholesterol)

1. produced in almost any tissue - major sites?
2. absorbed in SI - requires what?
3. hypercholesterolemia associated with what?
4. normally elevated in postprandial period

Answer 3

1. liver and SI
2. bile acids
3. hypothryoidism, DM, nephrotic syndrome, pancreatitis, hyperadrenocorticism, chloestasis

Question 4

(Lipoproteins)

1. made up of what 4 things?
2. what are the 5 types?

Answer 4

1. apoproteins, cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids
2. chylomicrons, VLDLs, LDLs, IDLs, HDLs

Question 5

(Lipoproteins)

1. chylomicrons made where? how dense?
2. VLDLs made where? how dense?

converted to what in circulation after exchange?

3. LDLs same as VLDLs but denser -> deliver what to tissues via LDL receptor?
4. HDLs; do what?

Answer 5

1. SI (others made in liver); least dense (^TG, low protein)
2. liver; heavier than chylomicrons (more protein, less TG)

IDLs (rapidly converted to LDL)

3. cholesterol
4. return of cholesterol to the liver from tissues

Question 6

(cholesterol delivery)

1. LDLs do what?
2. HDLs do what?

Answer 6

1. deliver cholesterol to tissues
2. pickup cholesterol from tissue and bring to liver

Question 7

1. are most animals HDL or LDL mammals?
2. what does this mean?

Answer 7

1. HDL

(pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, camels, monkeys, humans, are LDL mammals)

2. most of the cholesterol is carried by HDL

Question 8

1-3. 3 methods of measuring hyperlipidemia?

Answer 8

1. serum turbidity (opacity of serum correlates to TG content)
2. refrigeration test (chylomicrons float, if serum below still turbid means other LPs a present)
3. lipoprotein electrophoresis (separates based on charge & mobility)

Question 9

(hyperlipidemia)

1. most common cause?

Answer 9

1. post-prandial

Question 10

(hyperlipidemia)

1. can be associated with low levels/activity of what?

Answer 10

1. lipoprotein lipase activity

Question 11

(secondary hyperlipidemia)

1. 7 causes?

Answer 11

1. hypothyroidism, DM, hyperadrenocorticism, pancreatitis, nephrotic syndrome, cholesatsis, ingestion of high fat diets

Question 12

(hypolipidemia)

1. may occur with what?
2. decreases in TGs may be seen in association w/ what?

Answer 12

1. liver failure
2. maldigetion/malabsorption, lymphangiectasia, PSS