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MEDSCI first half > 11. Blood Pressure > Flashcards

11. Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

Large arteries:

A

Elastic vessels with high

blood flow, under high pressure

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2
Q

Small arteries/arterioles:

A

Strong muscular
walls allowing them to regulate their
lumen size and thus resistance. The high
resistance results in a large pressure drop.

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3
Q

Capillaries:

A

exchange vessels, low flow,

thin walls

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4
Q

Veins:

A

Smooth muscle allows modulation

of the diameter.

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5
Q

Capacitance vessels:

example

A

can “store” large changes in blood volume with little
change in pressure
vein

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6
Q

When veins are constricted large quantities of blood are
transferred to the heart thereby increasing _______ _____
Any given change in volume within the arterial tree results in
larger increases in pressure than in ____

A

cardiac output

veins

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7
Q

Compliance

A

The stretchability at various points along the P/V curve. i.e. the local change in volume for a given pressure change. Reflects the elasticity of the vessel.

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8
Q

Blood pressure (mmHg)

A

is the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of vessel
wall

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9
Q

Mean Systemic Arterial pressure=?
What is Systolic
Distolic

A

= ~100 mmHg
Systolic ~ 120 mmHg
Distolic ~ 90 mmHg
Does tends to increase with age

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10
Q

Mean Pressure formula=

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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11
Q

Determinants of Pulse Pressure

A 
Systolic pressure
- Aortic compliance
- Stroke volume (and ejection rate)
Diastolic pressure
- Aortic compliance
- Diastolic run off:
Heart rate
Total peripheral resistance
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12
Q

Pulse pressure =

A

Systolic pressure – diastolic pressure

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13
Q

During ____the aorta stretches to

absorb the blood

A

systole

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14
Q

Flow continues during diastole due to
_______nature (elastic recoil) of
blood vessels

A

compliant

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15
Q

The more _____ large blood vessels

the smaller the pulse pressure.

A

compliant

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16
Q

The compliance of the arteries ensures
capillary flow continues throughout the
cardiac cycle. Flow becomes _________by the time it reaches the
_____arterioles

A

nonpulsatile

small

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17
Q

Compliance (∆V/ ∆P) of the aorta tends to decrease with

A

age

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18
Q

As a result of a decrease in compliance:

A
  • Systolic pressure increases

- Diastolic pressure may decrease

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19
Q

A less compliant aorta will result in a larger

A

pulse pressure

20
Q

Increasing the stroke volume delivered

to the aorta increases

A

the arterial pulse

pressure

21
Q

SV determined by:

A
  • preload
  • afterload
  • chronotropy
  • Inotropy
22
Q

exercise can increase ________ pressure

A

systolic pressure

23
Q

Diastolic pressure is determined by the

A

“diastolic run off”, i.e. the ability of the

blood to flow forward,

24
Q

Diastolic pressure is dependent on:

A 
• Total peripheral resistance (increased
resistance increases diastolic
pressure)
• Heart rate (increased heart rate
increases diastolic pressure)
25
Q

Different mechanisms dominant in
blood pressure control over
different time scales:

A 
•Short term: neural reflexes
•Minutes to hours: hormonal (Ang
II) and fluid shifts
•Hours to days: blood volume
regulation (renal mechanisms)
26
Q

Blood pressure control comprises

multiple mechanisms and a high amount of ?

A

redundancy i.e. backups
to cope with changes in
environmental factors

27
Q

The ______ rapid changes in arterial pressure
ensure that perfusion (delivery of blood to a capillary bed) of vital organs remain adequate during day to day
activity

A

Buffers

28
Q

Increase in arterial pressure results in

an increase in what firing?

A

in baroreceptor firing

afferent activity

29
Q 
• Increase in activity to the
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_control centres results
in an increase in vagal activity and
inhibition of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_nerve
activity (\_\_\_\_\_pathway)
A

cardiovascular
sympathetic
efferent

30
Q

The decrease in cardiac
output and vascular resistance
restores ________

A

arterial pressure

31
Q

Receptor endings: located in
the adventitia of the ???
i.e. in large arteries

A

carotid

bifurcation and aortic arch,

32
Q

Afferent activity carried in:

Carotid sinus nerve –

A 
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX
cranial)
33
Q

Afferent activity carried in:

Aortic depressor nerve –

A

vagus (X cranial)

34
Q

Pressure-activity relationship of the arterial baroreceptors

A

Response is almost linear over
physiological range, in the presence
of an arterial pulse

35
Q

Baroreceptor responses to a

step change in pressure

A

Stretch receptors: increased stretch =
increased firing. Mediated by non-selective
cation channels.
Very sensitive to rapid changes in pressure,
but show adaptation

36
Q

Afferent baroreceptor endings 1st

synapse in the

A

NTS (Nucleus tractus

soltarius).

37
Q

Interneurons project to both :

A

vagal and

sympathetic pathways:

38
Q

Vagal activity activated via the

A 
Nucleus Ambiguus (NA), and dorsal
motor nucleus.
39
Q
  1. Sympathetic activity pathway

involves the _ _ _ _

A

caudal ventrolateral
medulla (CVLM) INHIBITING the
rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)

40
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptor reflex come from?

A

carotid bodies and aortic bodies (i.e.

very close to the baroreceptor endings). Central - medulla.

41
Q

chemoreceptor reflex Respond to

A

decrease in arterial oxygen

(peripheral) or pH or increase in arterial CO2
(central) . Needs to be big change in pressure!

42
Q

chemoreceptor reflex Sensory information carried in

A

glossopharyngeal
and vagus nerve (i.e. afferent nerves fibres are in
the same bundles as the baroreceptor afferents)

43
Q

chemoreceptor reflex Primary cardiovascular response to a reduction in
oxygen is

A

an increase sympathetic tone and
vasoconstriction. Cardiac effects are
complicated

44
Q

cerebral ischemia

A

is a condition in which there is insufficient blood flow to the brain to meet metabolic demand
An “emergency” or “last ditch” response.
Unsustainable

45
Q

CNS ischemic response

Only seen once BP is ?

Responds to high what or low what?

Dramatic increase in what activity?

A

~ 60 mmHg, and
strongest when BP <20 mmHg.

Responds to high CO2 or low pH as a response to
decreased brain blood flow
sympathetic activity driving
increased peripheral resistance.

46
Q

Cerebral

Ischemia affects what body systems?

A

Vasomotor Center
Incr Sympathetic Activity
Incr Arterial Pressure

MEDSCI first half (15 decks)

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