1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Skeletal and Muscular Systems) Flashcards
Flat bones
Sternum, ribs, cranium, and pelvis. Protection for internal organs but also act as suitable sites for muscular attachment
Long bones
Femur humerus, radius, tibia and phalanges. Act as levers for movement and act as sites for blood cell production
Irregular bones
Vertebrae. Protect the spinal cord
Sesamoid bones
Patella. Ease joint movement and resist compression
Ligament
A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
Synovial fluid
Crucial in sport and exercise as they allow free movement in joints (egg white like consistency)
Articular cartaliage
Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement
Joint capsule
A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane, encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid
Bursa
A closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones, reduces friction between tendons and bones
Joint
An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement
Axial skeleton
The cranium, vertebrae and ribs, it serves primarily to protect the central nervous system
Appendicular skeleton
The upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis
Plane of movement
The description of three dimensional movement at a joint
Sagittal plane
Lies vertically, divides the body into left and right parts from the medial (midline) to the lateral (outside)
Frontal plane
Lies vertically, divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Transverse plane
Lies horizontally, divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
Hinge joint
A cylindrical bone articulates with a trough-shaped bone held tightly by ligaments with limit sideways movement, Elbow joint
Pivot joint
A rounded bone articulates with a ring-shaped bone which restricts motion to one plane, Radio-ulna joint
Condyloid joint
Similar to a ball and socket joint with flatter bone surfaces to allow motion in two planes, Wrist joint
Ball and socket joint
A ball-shaped head articulates with a cup-shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes, Hip joint
Flexion
Movement which decreases the joint angle, usually to the front of the body
Extension
Movement which increases the joint angle, usually to the back of the body
Abduction
Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body
Horizontal extension
Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground
Horizontal flexion
Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground
Rotation
Movement whereby articulating bones turn about their axis in a screwdriver action
Origin
The muscle’s proximal attachment (the end closest to the torso)
Insertion
The muscle’s distal attachment (the end furthest away from the torso)
Anatomical position
Standing upright and facing forward with arms handing down by the side (palms facing forwards)
Tendon
A fires connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone
Agonist
A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Also known as the prime mover
Antagonist
A muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement
Fixator
A muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement
Antagonistic muscle action
Paired muscle action, as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action
Isotonic concentric muscle contraction
Muscular contraction which shortens while producing tension
Isotonic eccentric muscle contraction
Muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension
Isometric contraction
Muscle lengthens producing tension
Movement analysis
Analysis of the type and cause of bodily movement, knowledge of joint type, articulating bones, movement pattern, agonist and antagonist muscle action and contraction type
Ankle - Dorsi flexion
Movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up
Ankle - Plantar flexion
Movement at the ankle joint as the toes move down (point)
Knee - Flexion
Knee - Extension
Hip - Flexion
Hip - Extension
Hip - Adduction
Hip - Abduction
Hip - Medial rotation
Hip - Lateral rotation
Shoulder - Flexion
Shoulder - Extension
Shoulder - Adduction
Shoulder - Abduction
Shoulder - Horizontal flexion
Shoulder - Horizontal extension
Shoulder - Medial rotation
Shoulder - Lateral rotation
Elbow - Flexion
Elbow - Extension
Wrist - Flexion
Wrist - Extension
Transversus abdominis
Rotator cuff muscles
Myofibril
Bundles of protein filaments that contain the contractile element of the cardiomyocyte
Myosin
Thick filament in the sliding filament theory
Actin
Thin filament in the sliding filament theory
Sarcomere
The basic contractile unit of a muscle fibre
Z line
The end of a sarcomere
H zone
The middle of the A band
I band
The area where there is just the actin filament
A band
The area where there is just the myosin filaments
Action potential
Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neutron and into the muscle fibre
Dentrites
The long finger of the Motor unit (where the action potential starts)
Neuromuscular junction
The connection between the muscles and nervous system
Synaptic vesicles
They move to end of motor neurone and contain Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that can help a nerve impulse to jump the synaptic cleft and initiate muscular contraction
Acetylcholinesterase
Terminates the signal at the neuromuscular junction by the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft
Synaptic cleft
Gap between the synapse and the skeletal muscle
Voltage gated calcium channel
Allows calcium into the synapse (electrical)
Lingad gated sodium channel
Allows sodium to enter the skeletal muscles (chemical)
Troponin
Lies with in the grove between the actin filaments in muscle tissue
Tropomyosin
A protein that
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A convoluted structure composed of a variety of tubules and cisternae to provide calcium to the muscles
T tubules
Invaginations of the cell membrane rich in several ion channels and other proteins devoted helping contraction of muscles
Slow oxidative muscle fibres
A type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time
Fast glycolytic muscle fibres
A type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time
Fast oxidative glycolytic
These muscle fibres can be trained to either produce a large amount of force quickly or to resist fatigue
Work:Relief ratio
The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed
