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A level - PE > 1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems) > Flashcards

1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems) Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart

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2
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart

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3
Q

Structure of the heart

A
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4
Q

Left side of the heart

A

Blood is oxygenated, from pulmonary vein, then moves for LA through bicuspid valve to LV and then out of the heart in the aorta

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5
Q

Right side of heart

A

Blood is deoxygenated, from vena cava, then moves from RA through tricuspid valve to RV and out through the pulmonary artery

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6
Q

Artery

A

Takes blood away from the heart

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7
Q

Vein

A

Takes blood back to the heart

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8
Q

Conduction system

A

A set of structures in the cardiac muscle which create and transmit an electrical impulse, forcing the atria and ventricles to contract

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9
Q

Myogenic

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract

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10
Q

Diastole

A

The relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood

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11
Q

Systole

A

The contraction phase of cardiac muscle where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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12
Q

Atrial systole

A

The atria contract, forcing remaining blood into the ventricles

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13
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract, increasing pressure closing the AV valves to prevent back flow. SL valves open as blood is ejected for the ventricles

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14
Q

The conduction system of the heart

A
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15
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute

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16
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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17
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

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18
Q

Bradycardia

A

A resting heart rate of below 60bpm

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19
Q

Venous return

A

The return of the blood to the right atria through the veins

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20
Q

Sub-maximal

A

A low-to-moderate intensity of exercise within a performer’s aerobic intensity

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21
Q

Maximal

A

A high intensity of exercise above a performer’s aerobic capacity that will induce fatigue

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22
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism

A

Increased venous return leads to an increased volume, due to an increased stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction

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23
Q

Distribution of Cardiac output (Q)

A

During exercise blood will go towards working muscles/skin/brain and away from digestion organs

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24
Q

Vascular shunt

A

j

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25
Q

Cardiac control centre (CCC)

A

A control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation

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26
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise

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27
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR, specifically during recovery

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28
Q

Neural control

29
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Increased CO2 and lactic acid levels

30
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Increased motor activity

31
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Increased stretch on vessel walls

32
Q

Intrinsic control

33
Q

Increased volume

A

Muscles are working and heat up

34
Q

Increased venous return

A

Blood is working harder around the body

35
Q

Hormonal control

36
Q

Sympathetic release of adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

Hormones are being released as we start to exercise and need HR to increase

37
Q

Vagus nerve

A

(Parasympathetic) decreases heart rate

38
Q

Accelerator nerve

A

(Sympathetic) increases heart rate and force of contraction

39
Q

Vasodilate

A

Widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

40
Q

Vasoconstrict

A

Narrowing of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

41
Q

Inspiration

A

Drawing air into the lungs

42
Q

Expiration

A

Expelling of air from the lungs

43
Q

Blood pooling

A

Accumulation of blood in the veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return

44
Q

Active recovery

A

Low-intensity activity post exercise to maintain elevated heart and breathing rates

45
Q

Vascular shunt mechanism

A

The redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the percentage of blood flow to the skeletal

46
Q

Arterioles

A

Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillary beds, which can vasodilator and vasoconstrictor to regulate blood flow

47
Q

Pre-capillary sphincters

A

Rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries, which can dilate or constrict to control blood flow through the capillary bed

48
Q

Vasomotor control centre

A

The control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution

49
Q

Vasomotor tone

A

The partial state of smooth muscle constriction in the arterial walls

50
Q

Alveoli

A

Clusters of tiny air sacs covered in a dense network of capillaries which together serve as the external site for gaseous exchange

51
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

The movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood stream and carbon dioxide from the blood stream into the alveoli

52
Q

Haemoglobin

A

An iron-rich globular protein in RBC’s which can chemically combine with four O2 molecules to form oxyhemoglobin

53
Q

Oxygen

A

The essential gas required for aerobic energy production in the muscle cells

54
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

The waste product of aerobic energy production in the muscle cells

55
Q

Breathing rate

A

The number of inspirations or expirations per minute (12-15 breaths)

56
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per breath (aprox 500ml)

57
Q

Minute ventilation

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute, TV x f = VE (aprox 6-7.5 l/min)

58
Q

Respiratory control centre (RCC)

A

A control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for respiratory regulation

59
Q

Inspiratory centre (IC)

A

A control centre within the RCC responsible for inspiration

60
Q

Expiratory centre (EC)

A

A control centre within the RCC responsible for expiration

61
Q

Partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases

62
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of gases across a membrane down a gradient from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

63
Q

Diffusion gradient

A

The difference in areas of pressure from one side of a membrane to the other

64
Q

Internal respiration

65
Q

External respiration

66
Q

Association

A

The combining of oxygen with haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin

67
Q

Dissociation

A

The release of oxygen from haemoglobin for gaseous exchange

68
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

A graph showing the relationship between pO2 and percentage saturation of haemoglobin

69
Q

Bohr shift

A

A move in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream

A level - PE (17 decks)

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