11/7

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 2

metacognition

Answer 2

cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes.

Question 3

Concepts

Answer 3

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 4

Prototype

Answer 4

a mental image or best example of a category

Question 5

Assimilation

Answer 5

Interpret new information according to our schemas.

Question 6

Accomodation

Answer 6

Adjusting our schemas to incorporate new information provided by new experiences.

Question 7

Creativity

Answer 7

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.

Question 8

Convergent thinking

Answer 8

Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution (used for the SAT, the ability to provide a single correct answer).

Question 9

Divergent thinking

Answer 9

Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that expands in different directions. Creativity tests require divergent thinking.

Question 10

Executive functions

Answer 10

cognitive skills that work together, enabling us to generate, organize, plan, and implement goal-directed behavior.

Question 11

Algorithm

Answer 11

a methodical, logical rule or step-by-step procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Question 12

Heuristic

Answer 12

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm

Question 13

Insight

Answer 13

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Question 14

Confirmation bias

Answer 14

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. Confirmation bias leads us to seek evidence for our ideas more eagerly than we seek evidence against them.

Question 15

Fixation

Answer 15

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem-solving.

Question 16

Functional fixness

Answer 16

intended purpose of an object hinders a person’s ability to see its potential other uses.

Question 17

Intuition

Answer 17

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
OFTEN LEADS TO BIAS
● Availability Heuristics
● Representativeness
Heuristics
● Affect Heuristics

Question 18

Availability Heuristics

Answer 18

Making decisions based upon how easy it is to bring something to mind.

Example: If you are thinking of flying and suddenly think of a number of recent airline accidents, you might feel like air travel is too dangerous and decide to travel by car instead.

Question 19

Representative Heuristics

Answer 19

Making a decision by comparing the present situation to the most representative mental prototype.

Example: A sweet older woman might remind you of your grandmother, so you might immediately assume that she is kind, gentle and trustworthy.
A scruffy, tattooed male may make you think guilty!

Question 20

Affect Heuristics

Answer 20

Make decisions that are heavily influenced by their current emotions

Question 21

Framing

Answer 21

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Question 22

Gamblers Fallacy

Answer 22

Predicting a random event based on previous random events

Question 23

Sunk Cost Fallacy

Answer 23

When people continue a behavior or endeavor as a result of previously invested resources.