11/06 Flashcards
Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt : an organized whole.
Gestalt psychology emphasizes our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Grouping
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.
Proximity
Grouping nearby figures together.
- 3 sets of 2 instead of 6 individual lines.
Similarity
Grouping based on similarity
- one set black, one set white.
Closure
We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object.
Depth Perception
Organization of three-dimensional perceptions from two-dimensional images.
Binocular Cues
A depth cue (such as retinal disparity) that depends on the use of two eyes
Convergence
A binocular clue for perceiving distance; retinal images are combined by the brain.
Retinal Disparity
A binocular clue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object (depth
Monocular cues
Depth cues available to each eye separately, such as linear perspective or interposition.
Linear perspective
The sharper the angle of convergence, the greater the perceived distance is.
- Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance.
Relative clarity
Because more light passes through objects that are farther away, we perceive these objects as hazy, blurry, or unclear. Nearby objects, by contrast, appear sharp and clear.
Relative size
If we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away.
Texture Gradient
Moving toward or away from an object changes our perception of its texture.
Apparent Motion
As we move, stable objects may also appear to move. If, while riding on a bus, you fix your gaze on some point-say, a house-the objects beyond the fixation point will appear to move with you. Objects in front of the point will appear to move backward.
Monocular parallax
when things that are closer to us appear to move faster than things that are farther away.
Stroboscopic Movement
an illusion of continuous movement (as in a motion picture) experienced when viewing a rapid series of slightly varying still images.
Phi Phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.
Autokinetic Effect
When we stare at a stationary light in a dark room, our natural eye movements make the light seem to move.
Perceptual Constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.
(our ability to perceive things without being deceived by changes)
Color Constancy
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.
Brightness Constancy
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.
It also depends on the context of the surroundings
Shape constancy
We perceive the form of familiar objects.
Size constancy
we perceive an object as having an unchanging size, even while our distance from it varies
