11/27: Neurotransmitters and Neuromuscular Control COPY

Question 1

1. What are the two types of synapses?

Answer 1

Electrical
Chemical

Question 2

What are electrical synapses?

Answer 2

Synapses that are connected by a gap junction

Question 3

What are chemical synapses?

Answer 3

Synapses that release neurotransmitters

Question 4

What synapse type does the CNS use primarily?

Answer 4

Chemical synapse

Question 5

What is a quanta?

Answer 5

The amount of neurotransmitter contained within a presynaptic vesicle

Question 6

Once a neurotransmitter has bound to its receptor on the postsynaptic vesicle, what
does it trigger?

Answer 6

a. It triggers EPSPs and IPSPs

Question 7

7. What are EPSPs?

Answer 7

a. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Question 8

8. What are IPSPs?

Answer 8

a. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Question 9

What proteins are responsible for starting the process of binding vesicles to synaptic membrane?

Answer 9

SNARE proteins

Question 10

What are the 4 steps that occur in order for a vesicle to release its NT on synaptic
membrane?

Answer 10

1. Ca+2 influx binds to Synaptotagmin
2. Synaptotagmin undergoes a conformational change and binds to synaptobrevin
3. Synaptobrevin binds to SNAP-25 and Syntaxin
4. SNARE protein complex formed allowing vesicle to dock and release contents into synaptic cleft

Question 11

What toxin is commonly given cosmetically to inhibit SNARE proteins?

Answer 11

Botulinum toxin
i. Eats the SNARE protein inhibiting NT release

Question 12

What ions are IPSPs?

Answer 12

Chlorine
Magnesium
Potassium

Question 13

13. How are magnesium and potassium IPSPs if they are positively charged?

Answer 13

Because they are stored at a higher concentration inside the cell than out so
when they leave they leave behind a negative charge

Question 14

14. What ions are EPSPs?

Answer 14

Sodium
Calcium

Question 15

15. What are the 3 excitatory NT?

Answer 15

a. Glutamate
b. Aspartate
c. NO

Question 16

16. What are the 4 inhibitory NT?

Answer 16

a. Glycine
b. GABA
c. Serotonin
d. Dopamine

Question 17

17. What 2 NT are both excitatory and inhibitory?

Answer 17

a. Acetylcholine
b. Norepinephrine

Question 18

18. Do neurons receive only EPSPs or IPSPs signaling?

Answer 18

a. No, they can receive both since many neurons synapse together

Question 19

19. Where then do the sums of all the EPSPs and IPSPs occur within a neuron?

Answer 19

a. Axon hillock

Question 20

20. Why are graded potentials called such?

Answer 20

a. Because the signal strength fades the further it travels within a neuron

Question 21

21. How do graded potentials differ from an action potential?

Answer 21

Action potentials do not lose strength because they use Na voltage gated channels

Question 22

22. What are the three amino acid derivative small molecule neurotransmitters?

Answer 22

a. Glutamate
b. GABA
c. Glycine

Question 23

Which of those three amino acid derived small molecule neurotransmitters is THE
excitatory one?

Answer 23

a. Glutamate

Question 24

Which of those three amino acid derived small molecule neurotransmitters is THE inhibitory one?

Answer 24

GABA

Question 25

25. Where is glycine inhibitory at?

Answer 25

a. Within the spinal cord

Question 26

26. What are the 5 amine based small molecule neurotransmitters?

Answer 26

1. Serotonin 2. Histamine 3. Dopamine 4. Norepinephrine 5. Epinephrine

Question 27

What is the amino acid necessary to create serotonin?

Answer 27

Tryptophan

Question 28

What amino acid is necessary for DOPA to form?

Answer 28

Tyrosine

Question 29

Once DOPA is formed what is it converted into?

Answer 29

Dopamine

Question 30

What is dopamine converted into?

Answer 30

Norepinephrine

Question 31

31. What is norepinephrine converted into?

Answer 31

Epinephrine

Question 32

32. What are the gas type neurotransmitters?

Answer 32

NO CO

Question 33

33. Does the body naturally produce endocannabinoids?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

34. What are the two naturally produced endocannabinoids?

Answer 34

Anandamide Arachidonoyl glycerol

Question 35

What receptor do endocannabinoids and THC plant derived cannabinoids use?

Answer 35

CB1

Question 36

What does binding to a CB1 receptor do?

Answer 36

Inhibit Ca+2 release causing 5 things to occur

Question 37

What are the 5 things that occur once CB1 has bound to its ligand?

Answer 37

1. Increase in pleasure 2. Inhibition of pain 3. Inhibition of nausea 4. A decrease in learning/memory 5. Movement

Question 38

What are small molecule neurotransmitters made as first within the cell?

Answer 38

Terminal peptides within the rough ER

Question 39

What NT does cholinergic neurons use?

Answer 39

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 40

What NT does dopaminergic neurons use?

Answer 40

Dopamine (DA)

Question 41

What NT does noradrenergic neurons use?

Answer 41

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 42

What NT does glutamatergic neurons use?

Answer 42

Glutamate (Glu)

Question 43

What NT does GABAergic neurons use?

Answer 43

GABA

Question 44

What NT does peptidergic neurons use?

Answer 44

Peptides

Question 45

45. What are the 3 types of NT receptors?

Answer 45

a. 1. Transmitter-gated ion channels/ionotropic receptors b. 2. G-protein coupled receptors/metabotropic receptors c. 3. Enzyme-linked receptors

Question 46

46. What ions do ionotropic receptors bind to?

Answer 46

a. Na b. K c. Cl d. Ca

Question 47

47. What do ionotropic receptors do?

Answer 47

a. Depolarize/hyperpolarize a cell

Question 48

48. What do metabotropic receptors/G-protein coupled receptors do?

Answer 48

a. Indirectly link to ion channels

Question 49

49. Are ionotropic receptors ligand gated?

Answer 49

Yes

Question 50

50. What is an example of an ionotropic receptor that is found all over the body?

Answer 50

a. GABA-chloride channel

Question 51

51. What 3 common drugs are used that targets the GABA-chloride channel?

Answer 51

a. Isoflurane b. Propofol c. Ethanol

Question 52

52. What is an example of an INOTROPIC receptor found all over the body?

Answer 52

a. NMDA receptor for glutamate

Question 53

53. What does the NMDA/glutamate receptor channel do?

Answer 53

a. Allows the passage of Na and Ca into the cell and for K to leave

Question 54

54. What is an example of an Acetylcholine ionotropic receptor?

Answer 54

a. Nicotinic receptor

Question 55

55. Where is the Nicotinic receptor located?

Answer 55

a. Nerves and muscles

Question 56

56. What ion does the nicotinic receptor allow for the passage of?

Answer 56

Sodium

Question 57

57. What is the antagonist to the nicotinic receptor?

Answer 57

Curare

Question 58

58. How do metabotropic receptors work?

Answer 58

a. Through the use of a G-protein which diffuses into the membrane

Question 59

59. What does the diffused G-protein do?

Answer 59

a. Act on ion channels, enzymes, and gene transcription

Question 60

60. What is an example of an acetylcholine metabotropic receptor?

Answer 60

a. Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor

Question 61

61. Where is the Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor receptor found?

Answer 61

In organs

Question 62

62. What is the antagonist to the Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor receptor?

Answer 62

Atropine

Question 63

63. Is Beta1 adrenergic a metabotropic receptor?

Answer 63

Yes

Question 64

64. What does the Beta1 receptor do to the heart once it has binded to epinephrine?

Answer 64

a. Increase heart rate and contractility

Question 65

65. Can ACh activate both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 65

Yes

Question 66

66. What are the three steps that occur in terminating a NT?

Answer 66

a. 1. Reuptake b. 2. Breakdown c. 3. Diffusion

Question 67

67. How does nerve gas take advantage of the termination of a NT?

Answer 67

a. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase so acetylcholine cannot be broken down i. Death by spasmodic contractions

Question 68

68. What two drugs are voltage gated sodium channel blockers?

Answer 68

a. Lidocaine b. Tetrodotoxin

Question 69

69. How does caffeine increase HR within the body?

Answer 69

a. By increasing cAMP which increases Ca so HR goes up

Question 70

70. How do SSRIs and Cocaine block reuptake of acetylcholine by the presynaptic neuron?

Answer 70

a. Through inhibition of the of the protein responsible for reuptaking it i. Block it

Question 71

71. What does ecstasy and amphetamines do to acetylcholine?

Answer 71

a. Increase its release from the vesicles so it leaks out of presynaptic neuron while also blocking its reuptake i. This is why these drugs “feel good”