Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

D1 Fall - Biochem > 10/31: Genetics of Cancer Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors > Flashcards

10/31: Genetics of Cancer Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of genetic diseases?

A

Chromosome disorders
- rearrangements/translocations, deletions, insertions, duplications, aneuploidy
Single gene disorders
- dominant, recessive, codominant
Multifactorial or complex
- multiple genes, gene environment
Sex linked and mitochondrial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What chromosome is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?

A

Philadelphia chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The philadelphia chromosome leads to bone marrow producing excess amounts of

A

Abnormal granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is a single mutation enough to cause cancer?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tumor growth and progression generally involves what?

A

Multiple genetic changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tumors can arise from what 2 things?

A
  1. Increased cell division
  2. Decreased apoptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Can tumors arise from genetic or epigenetic changes? (understand this!!!)

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Malignant tumors are classified according to what?

A

Tissue or cell they originate from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Carcinomas are cancers that arising from

A

Epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sarcomas arise from what?

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Muscle cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Leukemias are derived from what?

A

White blood cells and their precursors (hematopoietic cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lymphomas are derived from

A

Lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gliomas are derived from

A

Glial cells of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are benign tumors classified like malignant tumors?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adenomas are malignant or benign tumors?

A

Benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Adenomas are what kind of tumors?

A

Benign epithelial tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adenomas have what kind of organization?

A

Glandular organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chondromas are benign tumors that arise from

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Many cancers are maintained by a population of

A

Cancer stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chemotherapy generally target what cells?

A

Rapid dividing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Can cancer stem cells survive radiation from chemotherapy?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are cancer stem cells slow or rapid dividing?

A

Slow dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tumors secrete what kind of signals to promote formation of new blood vessels?

A

Angiogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tumors secrete angiogenic signals which promote the formation of

A

New blood vessels

25
Why do tumors need to form blood vessels?
1. They supply the nutrients so the tumor can grow 2. Allow ability to metastasis
26
Do cancer cells induce angiogenesis?
Yes
27
What do cancer cells produce to stabilize their telomeres?
Telomerase
28
What are the classifications of cancer genes?
1. Inhibit cellular proliferation 2. Activate proliferation 3. Participate in DNA repair
29
What are the mutated forms of proto-oncogenes?
Oncogenes
30
Oncogenes are genes that do what to cell division?
Out of control, fast growth
31
Tumor suppressor genes do what to cell division?
Inhibit, slow down growth repair
32
What happens when tumor suppressor genes do not work?
Cells grow out of control → cancer
33
Gain of function of proto-oncogenes leads to
Cancer
34
Loss of function of tumor suppressor genes lead to
Cancer
35
Oncogenes result from the _______ of proto-oncogenes
Activation
36
Tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are
Turned off
37
P16 is a
CDK inhibitors
38
P53 can induce what 3 things?
1. Cell cycle arrest 2. Senescence 3. Apoptosis
39
What is Kudson's original hypothesis?
A person needed to acquire two mutant copies of the Rb gene
40
What is one mutant Rb allele considered?
Dominant at the level of the individual, but recessive at the level of the cell
41
What does the Rb mutation display?
reduced penetrance, only about 90% of individuals who inherit the mutant allele experience a second hit and develop a tumor
42
What is a product of the INK4 gene?
p16 protein
43
When is the p16 protein produced?
When cells are stressed and is an important component of cell cycle arrest
44
Mutations of p16 can also contribute to?
Cancer
45
What contributes to stable, active p53?
Hyper proliferative signals DNA damage telomere shortening hypoxia
46
What does stable, active p53 lead to?
Cell cycle arrest senescence apoptosis
47
What are other considerations of breast cancer?
Type Hormone receptor status Ki-67 proliferation index Her2/Neu status
48
What are the two consideration types?
Noninvasive Invasive
49
What are examples of noninvasive cancer?
Ductal carcinoma in situ Lobular carcinoma in situ
50
What are examples of invasive cancer?
Usually epithelial Ductal Lobular Other
51
What are increased risk genes for breast cancer?
BRCA1 BRCA2 CDH1 STK11 TP53
52
Where can virus genomes be found?
Form of DNA or RNA
53
What are he two types of viruses?
RNA (RNA genome) DNA (DNA genome)
54
What cells does HIV infect?
T-cells Macrophages Microglial cells
55
The RNA genome is bound to what key enzymes?
Reverse transcriptase Proteases Ribonucleases Integrase
56
How does reverse transcriptase work?
Copies the RNA genome into a ss-cDNA and eventually into a ds-cDNA that enters the nucleus and integrates into the host cell genome
57
What does reverse transcriptase high error rate result in?
High frequency of mutations in the cDNA copies
58
How does the infleunza virus work?
The negative sense RNA is transcribed into a positive sense RNA (cRNA), which serves as a template for protein synthesis and for negative strands that are incorporated into new viral particles
59
Why doesn't influenza use a DNA copy?
RNA is much less stable than DNA and as such mutates at a faster rate than any other kind of virus

D1 Fall - Biochem (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions