10/18: Development Flashcards
Genes provide the ___________
Blueprint
What does the blueprint ensure
We have integrated maxilla, mandible and oronasal cavity
What does the complement of RNA and protein expressed define
The identity of each cell, its appearance and behavior
Where do cells receive and process information from?
Their surroundings - growth factors, hormones, force/tension, nutrients. oxygen levels, etc
What do these things that cells receive and process modulate?
Gene expression, thus allowing the cell to adapt and take on new properties/behaviors
What are multicellular organisms enriched in?
Proteins mediating cell communication
These factors have been highly __________________
Conserved throughout evolution
What is Wnt signaling
Secreted Wnt ligands bind to cell surface receptors, which stimulates specific gene expression
_____ main cellular processes are employed during embryogenesis
4
Cell proliferation
Cell specialization
Cell interaction
Cell movement
What is the fifth process and what is it utilized for?
programmed cell death - used to “fine tune” development
Homeobox code
Patterned expression of an ‘ancient’ family of transcription factors known as HOX proteins
Expressions of the Hox genes is colinear with?
Order on the chromosome
What is homeotic transformation?
Replacement of one body part with another
What did Ed lewis discover
Hox genes are responsible for establishing the fate of individual segments
What does the hox gene organization and expression across species determine?
Regional identity in the body plan
Where are mouse complexes located?
On 4 different chromsoomes
What does the pattern of expression of each gene follow?
Head to tail and order on chromosome
All aspects of positional identity in vertebrates is established by?
Hox genes EXCEPT THE FACE which has its own homeobox-related code
What distances to morphogen gradients act over
Many cell distances
Nearby cells -> high levels
Distanc cells -> low levels (but over time, receive more)
Morphogen
Signaling factor that directs cell fate (tissue development) at a distance from their source
______-dependent and ________-dependent effects on gene expression
Time; duration
What are examples of inductive signaling as mechanisms of morphogenesis?
- Establishing symetry and form in the embryo
- Craniofacial growth and patterning
What axes are craniofacial complexes defined by?
Left-right
Dorsal-ventral
Anterior-posterior