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D1 Fall - Biochem > 10/18: Development > Flashcards

10/18: Development Flashcards

1
Q

Genes provide the ___________

A

Blueprint

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2
Q

What does the blueprint ensure

A

We have integrated maxilla, mandible and oronasal cavity

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3
Q

What does the complement of RNA and protein expressed define

A

The identity of each cell, its appearance and behavior

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4
Q

Where do cells receive and process information from?

A

Their surroundings - growth factors, hormones, force/tension, nutrients. oxygen levels, etc

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5
Q

What do these things that cells receive and process modulate?

A

Gene expression, thus allowing the cell to adapt and take on new properties/behaviors

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6
Q

What are multicellular organisms enriched in?

A

Proteins mediating cell communication

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7
Q

These factors have been highly __________________

A

Conserved throughout evolution

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8
Q

What is Wnt signaling

A

Secreted Wnt ligands bind to cell surface receptors, which stimulates specific gene expression

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9
Q

_____ main cellular processes are employed during embryogenesis

A

4
Cell proliferation
Cell specialization
Cell interaction
Cell movement

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10
Q

What is the fifth process and what is it utilized for?

A

programmed cell death - used to “fine tune” development

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11
Q

Homeobox code

A

Patterned expression of an ‘ancient’ family of transcription factors known as HOX proteins

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12
Q

Expressions of the Hox genes is colinear with?

A

Order on the chromosome

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13
Q

What is homeotic transformation?

A

Replacement of one body part with another

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14
Q

What did Ed lewis discover

A

Hox genes are responsible for establishing the fate of individual segments

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15
Q

What does the hox gene organization and expression across species determine?

A

Regional identity in the body plan

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16
Q

Where are mouse complexes located?

A

On 4 different chromsoomes

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17
Q

What does the pattern of expression of each gene follow?

A

Head to tail and order on chromosome

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18
Q

All aspects of positional identity in vertebrates is established by?

A

Hox genes EXCEPT THE FACE which has its own homeobox-related code

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19
Q

What distances to morphogen gradients act over

A

Many cell distances
Nearby cells -> high levels
Distanc cells -> low levels (but over time, receive more)

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20
Q

Morphogen

A

Signaling factor that directs cell fate (tissue development) at a distance from their source

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21
Q

______-dependent and ________-dependent effects on gene expression

A

Time; duration

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22
Q

What are examples of inductive signaling as mechanisms of morphogenesis?

A
  1. Establishing symetry and form in the embryo
  2. Craniofacial growth and patterning
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23
Q

What axes are craniofacial complexes defined by?

A

Left-right
Dorsal-ventral
Anterior-posterior

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24
Q

Clinical treatments always consider:

A

Form (tooth shape, spacing, number, cusp pattern)
Symmetry (because they are critical for function and esthetics)

25
What is the dorsal ventral axis apparent by?
Blastocyst stage
26
What occurs in the first 3 weeks?
Morula (32 cells) to blastocyst (64 cells) transition is the first sign of cell fate change/commitment
27
What is determined at start of week 3?
Anterior-posterior axis [head-tail] and left right axis, with appearance of the primitive streal
28
Primitive streak
A change in cell behavior/fate
29
Where do epiblastic cells converge at?
Midline and ingress (marks posterior end)
30
Explain the process of cells of the epiblast migrating
Cells of the epiblast migrate "through" primitive streak to form mesoderm and embryonic (gut) endoderm
31
What is the process that forms the mesoderm?
Epithelial to mesenchyme transformation (EMT)
32
The movement of epiblasts (ectoderm) forms
embryonic endoderm
33
What does the node act as
a signaling center
34
Factors that are produced by cells at the node induce and specify:
fate of the mesoderm as it is formed
35
What does the node generate
asymmetry in a previously symmetrical embryo
36
Nodal cells each have one __________
motile cilium
37
What is a cilium
a membrane covered extension from the cell that has a microtubule cytoskeleton core which helps define the properties of the cilium: mechanosensory or rotational
38
Nodal cilia have a rotational _______
beat (for a few hours only)
39
What does the rotational beat generate
leftward flow, resulting in asymmetric distribution of morphogens/growth factors
40
What morphogenic factors around the node are expressed and how
asymmetrically ; SHH, BMP4, FGF8
41
What does the asymmetric expression initiate?
Cascade of gene expression to promote asymmetric specialization/commitment of mesoderm
42
What is the evolutionarily conserved mechanism in vertebrates?
Reproducible morphological and functional asymmetries in nearly all internal organs
43
In mice ~______ genes affect L-R asymmetry and what does this affect
27; cilia function, gene expression around node changes
44
What is the rapid outgrowth of the early facial tissue driven by?
The proliferation and ventral migration of cells originating from the 'crests' of the forming neural tube
45
What do neural crest cells arise by
Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT)
46
What is NCC arising anaologous to?
Generation of the third germ layer (mesoderm)
47
What do cranial neural crest cells differentiate into?
Wide variety of cell types/tissues 'stem cell-like' unique developmental potential
48
What defines distinct populations of CNCC and their route of migration into early facial tissue
Hindbrain segments (patterned by hox gene expression)
49
What do cranial neural crest cells (CNCC) primarily determine?
Facial form/shape
50
What is treacher-collins syndrome?
Defects in polymerase I subunits (Required for synthesis of rRNAs) and TCOF1
51
Transplanted ectoderm retains ________ pattern of expression from originating tissue
FGF8/SHH
52
What can secreted factors from the FEZ direct
outgrowth of the underlying CNCC and determines D-V pattern on the FNP
53
What does precise shape depend upon
pattern information inherent in the neural crest
54
Embryogenesis is a __________ process
generative (not descriptive)
55
What does cellular communication with neighboring and distant cells/tissues coordinate?
Different aspects of development
56
What can malformation and normal phenotypic variation result from?
- single changes in gene sequences - combinations of normal gene variants - changes in the environment to which cells respond
57
The control of gene expression during development is __________ or ___________
hierarchial or sequential
58

D1 Fall - Biochem (29 decks)

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