11/27: Neurotransmitters and Neuromuscular Control

Question 1

What are electrical synapses?

Answer 1

Two neurons connected by a gap junction

Question 2

What do electrical synapses allow for?

Answer 2

Electrical current to flow directly from one cell to the other

Question 3

What are chemical synapses?

Answer 3

Release of neurotransmitters from axon terminal (presynapatic membrane) and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane

Question 4

What trigger EPSPs/IPSPs or modulate the postsynaptic cell?

Answer 4

Neurotransmitters

Question 5

What is the amount of neurotransmitter packaged in the terminal?

Answer 5

Quanta

Question 6

Once a neurotransmitter has bound to its receptor on the postsynaptic vesicle, what does it trigger?

Answer 6

EPSPs and IPSPs

Question 7

What are EPSPs?

Answer 7

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Question 8

What are IPSPs?

Answer 8

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Question 9

What are responsible for starting the process of binding vesicles to synaptic membrane?

Answer 9

SNARE proteins

Question 10

Where are SNARE proteins found?

Answer 10

In the SV and plasma membrane

Question 11

What do SNARE proteins do?

Answer 11

Help dock vesicles and then zip together to force membranes to fuse

Question 12

What triggers fusion and exocytosis?

Answer 12

Calcium

Question 13

Depending on the NT and the type of receptor it binds to, it can ______ or ______ the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 13

Excite; inhibit

Question 14

What are excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 14

Glutamate
Aspartate
Nitric oxide

Question 15

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Answer 15

Glycine
GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine

Question 16

What are both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 16

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine

Question 17

What is an example of an EPSP summation?

Answer 17

NT opens cation channels for Na+ or Ca2+

Question 18

What is an example of IPSP summation?

Answer 18

NT opens Cl- channels

Question 19

What do neurons receive inputs from?

Answer 19

Other neurons synapsing with the dendrites or cell body

Question 20

Where do the sums of all the EPSPs and IPSPs occur within a neuron?

Answer 20

Axon hillox

Question 21

What happens when the graded potential caused by the summation of EPSPs/IPSPs reach a threshold potential at the axon hillock?

Answer 21

Opens a voltage gated Na+ channel and induces an action potential in the neuronal axon

Question 22

What are small molecule transmitters?

Answer 22

Acetylcholine
ATP/adenosine

Question 23

What are the three amino acid derivative small molecule neurotransmitters?

Answer 23

Glutamate (Glu)
Gamma-amminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glycine (Gly)

Question 24

What are the 5 amine based small molecule neurotransmitters?

Answer 24

1. Serotonin (5-HT)
2. Histamine
3. Dopamine (DA)
4. Norepinephrine (NE)
5. Epinephrine (E)

Question 25

What small molecule neurotransmitter is excitatory?

Answer 25

Glutamate

Question 26

What small molecule neurotransitter is inhibitory?

Answer 26

GABA

Question 27

What neurotransmitters are released by the hypothalamus?

Answer 27

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, leutenizing hormone releasing hormone somatosatin

Question 28

What neurotransmitters are released by the pituitary?

Answer 28

Adrenocrticotropic hormone Prolactin Luteinizing hormone Thyrotropin Growth hormone Vasopressin Oxytocin

Question 29

What are examples of endorphins?

Answer 29

Enkephalins Opioids

Question 30

What are other types of proteins/peptide neurotransmitters?

Answer 30

Substance P Bradykinin Angiotensin II

Question 31

What are the gas type neurotransmitters?

Answer 31

Nitric oxide (NO) Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Question 32

What are the two naturally produced endocannabinoids?

Answer 32

Anandamide Arachidonoyl glycerol

Question 33

What receptor do endocannabinoids and THC plant derived cannabinoids use?

Answer 33

CB1

Question 34

What does binding to a CB1 receptor do?

Answer 34

Inhibit Ca+2 release causing 5 things to occur

Question 35

What are the 5 things that occur once CB1 has bound to its ligand?

Answer 35

1. Increase in pleasure 2. Inhibition of pain 3. Inhibition of nausea 4. A decrease in learning/memory 5. Movement

Question 36

Where are small molecule NT made?

Answer 36

In the terminal

Question 37

Where are peptides made?

Answer 37

In the cell body

Question 38

What NT does cholinergic neurons use?

Answer 38

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 39

What NT does dopaminergic neurons use?

Answer 39

Dopamine (DA)

Question 40

What NT does noradrenergic neurons use?

Answer 40

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 41

What NT does glutamatergic neurons use?

Answer 41

Glutamate (Glu)

Question 42

What NT does GABAergic neurons use?

Answer 42

GABA

Question 43

What NT does peptidergic neurons use?

Answer 43

Peptides

Question 44

What are the 3 types of NT receptors?

Answer 44

1. Transmitter-gated ion channels/ionotropic receptors - ion channels (Na+,K+,Cl-,Ca2+) - depolarize/hyperpolarize cell 2. G-protein coupled receptors/metabotropic receptors - indirectly linked to ion channels 3. Enzyme-linked receptors - tyrosine kinase receptors

Question 45

What ions do ionotropic receptors bind to?

Answer 45

a. Na b. K c. Cl d. Ca

Question 46

What happens when the neurotransmitter binds to its receptor?

Answer 46

Changes conformation

Question 47

What does the opening of ion channels result in?

Answer 47

An increased concentration of the ion inside the cell

Question 48

What is an example of an ionotropic receptor that is found all over the body?

Answer 48

GABA-chloride channel

Question 49

What is an example of an INOTROPIC receptor found all over the body?

Answer 49

a. NMDA receptor for glutamate

Question 50

What does the NMDA/glutamate receptor channel do?

Answer 50

Allows the passage of Na and Ca into the cell and for K to leave

Question 51

What are channel blocking antagonists?

Answer 51

Ketamine, PCP d-methadone, memantine

Question 52

What is an example of an Acetylcholine ionotropic receptor?

Answer 52

Nicotinic receptor

Question 53

Where is the Nicotinic receptor located?

Answer 53

Nerves and muscles

Question 54

What ion does the nicotinic receptor allow for the passage of?

Answer 54

Sodium

Question 55

What is the antagonist to the nicotinic receptor?

Answer 55

Curare

Question 56

How do metabotropic receptors work?

Answer 56

Through the use of a G-protein which diffuses into the membrane

Question 57

What does the diffused G-protein do?

Answer 57

Act on ion channels, enzymes, and gene transcription

Question 58

What is an example of an acetylcholine metabotropic receptor?

Answer 58

Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor

Question 59

Where is the Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor found?

Answer 59

In organs

Question 60

What is the antagonist to the Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor?

Answer 60

Atropine

Question 61

Is Beta1 adrenergic a metabotropic receptor?

Answer 61

Yes

Question 62

What does the Beta1 receptor due to the heart once it has binded to epinephrine?

Answer 62

Increase heart rate and contractility

Question 63

Can ACh activate both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 63

Yes

Question 64

What are the agonists for ACh?

Answer 64

Nicotine Muscarine

Question 65

What are the antagonists for ACh?

Answer 65

Curare Atropine

Question 66

What are the receptors for Ach?

Answer 66

Nicotonic receptor Muscarinic receptor

Question 67

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

Answer 67

Skeletal muscle or nerve Postganglionic neurons

Question 68

Where are msucarinic receptors located?

Answer 68

Parasympathetic actions; found in target organs

Question 69

What are the three steps that occur in terminating a NT?

Answer 69

1. Reuptake 2. Breakdown 3. Diffusion

Question 70

How does nerve gas take advantage of this?

Answer 70

By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase so acetylcholine cannot be broken down i. Death by spasmodic contractions

Question 71

What two drugs are voltage gated sodium channel blockers?

Answer 71

Lidocaine Tetrodotoxin

Question 72

How does caffeine increase HR within the body?

Answer 72

By increasing cAMP which increases Ca so HR goes up

Question 73

How do SSRIs and Cocaine block reuptake of acetylcholine by the presynaptic neuron?

Answer 73

Block protein responsible for reuptake i. Block it

Question 74

What does ecstasy and amphetamines do to acetylcholine?

Answer 74

Increase its release from the vesicles; block reuptake i. This is why these drugs “feel good”

Question 75

What kind of potentiation do synapses have?

Answer 75

Long-term

Question 76

What kind of response do potentiation of synapses increase?

Answer 76

The response in the postsynaptic neuron - more receptors - phosphorylation of proteins to increase response

Question 77

What kind fo releases do potentiation of synapses increase?

Answer 77

Release of NT (glutamate) from presynaptic neuron