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D1 Fall - Biochem > 10/30: Cell-Cycle Control and Cell Division II > Flashcards

10/30: Cell-Cycle Control and Cell Division II Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the checkpoint controls?

A
  1. Late G1 (start checkpoint)
  2. G2-M checkpoint
  3. Metaphase to anaphase
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2
Q

What 3 things does the cell-cycle checkpoint control system depend on?

A
  1. Cdks
  2. Cyclical proteolytic events
  3. Transcriptinal regulation
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3
Q

What are checkpoint controls designed to do?

A

Block progression through checkpoints if problems are sensed

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4
Q

Passage through start checkpoint in late G1 launches?

A

DNA replication and S phase of cell cycle

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5
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

Specific sites or origins of replicaiton

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6
Q

What is the initiation phase of DNA replication divided into?

A
  1. Late mitosis-early G1

Prereplication complex assembles at the origins or replication

  1. Onset S phase

Prereplication complex nucleates the formation of the preinitiation complex

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7
Q

Cdks required the binding of what?

A

Cyclins

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8
Q

In the absence of cyclin, CDK is in what state?

A

Inactive

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9
Q

The concentration of the 3 major cyclins are

A

Induced

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10
Q

The concentrations of Cdk have what kind of expression?

A

Constitutie expression

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11
Q

What initiates the metaphase to anaphase transition?

A

APC/C

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12
Q

What catalyzes the ubiquitation and degradaon of securin and the S- and M- cyclins?

A

APC/C

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13
Q

When is APC/C turned off?

A

G1/S-Cdks are activated

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14
Q

What checkpoint ensures that all the DNA has been properly replicated?

A

G2-M checkpoint

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15
Q

What drives entry into mitosis and the events of early mitosis?

A

Abrupt increase in M-cdk activity at G2-M checkpoint

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16
Q

What does M-Cdk induce?

A

Assemble of the mitotic spindle, chromsome condensation, promotes breakdown of the nuclear envelope, rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton and the golgi

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17
Q

What are the 5 phases of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
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18
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A

sister chromatids condense and centromeres create poles

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19
Q

What occurs during prometaphase?

A

there is a breakdown of the nuclear envelope and chromosomes can attach to the spindle

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20
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A

the chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle

21
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

sister chromatids separate to form 2 daughter cells

22
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A

the sister chromatids arrived at the poles and the spindle decondenses

23
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis?

A

the cytoplasm is divided in 2 by a conrtctile ring of actin and myosin filaments and creates 2 daughter cells

24
Q

This syndrome is characterized by prenatal growth retardation

A

Roberts syndrome

25
Q

Roberts syndrome is what kind of mutation?

A

Homozygous mutation of ESCO2

26
Q

Mitogens stimulate cell division by stimulated what activity?

A

G1/S-Cdk

27
Q

What can stimulate cell growth by stimulating protein synthesis and inhibiting protein degradation

A

Growth factor

28
Q

What extracellular signals control cell division?

A
  1. Mitogens
  2. Growth factors
  3. Survival factors
29
Q

Map Kinase leads to what?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Differentiation
  3. Apoptosis
30
Q

What stimulates cell division mainly by stimulating G1/S-Cdk activity that inhibit intracellular negative controls that block progression through the cell-cycle?

A

Mitogens

31
Q

What suppress programmed cell death (apoptosis)?

A

Survival factors

32
Q

What stimulate cell growth (increase in
cell mass) by stimulating protein synthesis and
inhibiting protein degradation?

A

Growth factors

33
Q

What is a major pathway of Mitogens?

A

Small GTPase Ras

34
Q

What leads to the activation of a MAP kinase cascade?

A

Ras

35
Q

MAP kinase cascade leads to activation of what?

A

Immediate early gene expression

36
Q

What is an example of an immediate early gene?

A

Myc

37
Q

What does Myc do?

A

Increases G1-Cdk by increasing expression of genes that encode G1 cyclins

38
Q

What is a key function of G1-Cdk?

A

Activate E2F proteins

39
Q

E2F proteins are typically inhibited by an interaction between

A

E2F and Rb family

40
Q

What are the 3 growth factors in EGF?

A
  1. ErK
  2. JAK/STAT pathway
  3. P13 kinase/AKT pathway
41
Q

What is associated with TGFb?

A

SMAD

42
Q

The activity of cyclin-CDK is further regulated by what molecule? This further phosphorylates Cdk and renders it inactive

A

Wee1

43
Q

After Wee1 renders Cdk inactive, what dephosphorylate and restores activity to the Cdk?

A

Cdc25 phosphatase

44
Q

Securin is involved in protecting the protein linkages that hold what together?

A

sister chromatids

45
Q

Degradation of securin unleashes what?

A

Anaphase

46
Q

Degradation of the S- and M- cyclins lead to the inactivation of what? This ends up completing what?

A

Cdk
M phase

47
Q

When is APC/C turned off?

A

G1/S-Cdks are activated

48
Q
A

D1 Fall - Biochem (29 decks)

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