11/26/2024: Implicit Bias Flashcards
What is Implicit Bias? What questions do we need to answer about it?
When and How it arises?
Can we overcome it’s influence?
What is it? The press says “unconcious attitude” but Fazio disagrees. Conflates measure with construct.
How does the Perceptual Institute (Starbucks people) and even researchers define Implicit bias?
Unconscious attitude
But what does FAZIO says Implicit bias ACTUALLY is?
Better to think it is an EFFECT of attitude which on MIGHT be unaware of
No evidence the attitude is what they are unaware of
Perception is [blank] in nature and effected by what?
Constructive
Context, Expectations, Hopes/Wishes/Aspirations/Stereotypes/Attitudes
Perception vs. Judgement
Arbitrary
Sometimes clear we are judging (jury) but experience is perceiving. Not aware perception is influecnedby stereotypes and attitudes.
MODE MOdel of attitude to behavior
Attitude auto activated –> Judgement or behavior
(Ex: April 15th, Tax Day) It’s all associations.
BUT! Motiations to change, and opporuntities to change are what matters
When we use priming words with black and white faces, the modern racism scale, and motivation to control prejudice, what is actually going on?
Truely unprejudged: low automatic attitude regardless of scores
Prejudiced: I’m racist, and I have no desire to change
Motivated Egalitarian: I have an automatically negative attitude BUT! I’m trying to change
Low motivation to control: More modern racism = more prejudice
BUT! High motivation = over correction.
MODERATION By motivation.
What would happen in a racism study where we trick you? Say you’re just evaluating applicants for a job and we’re not activating motivation.
What happens and why? What about roommate relationships?
Judgement not viewed as race related, you have depleted resources, fatigue and time pressure. Having suppressed emotions and consumed alcohol will do the same thing.
Lack of Opportunity
Judge black candidates more harshly if automatically activated attitude, UNMODERATED by motivation to not be racist. Same thing happens with roommates, because you can’t be motivated all the time.
Implicit Measures in Romantic Relationships
Implicit attitudes prospectively predict dissolution of relationship and long-term changes in marital satisfaction.
Positive illusions- the things we tell ourselves.
When implicit measures are used, people may be unaware attitude is being measure, but does this mean they are unaware of the attitude itself?
NO! Conflating measure with construct!
Discordance between implicit and explicit does not = unaware Need additional evidence, and other studies give evidence of that awareness
How does Hahn, Judd, Hirsh, and Blair (2014) go after the “unawareness” issue, or the idea that explicit and implicit not matching might not mean unaware of attitude.
Within subjects (GETS AROUND DIFFERENT LEVELS OF AWARENESS BETWEEN PEOPLE). IAT trainign on black vs. white, child vs. adult, etc.
Saying culture or my attitude didn’t matter
Average wihtin subject correlation = .55
Conclusion: Evidence of some awareness.
So in conclusion: When and how does implicit bias arise?
When strongly ASSOCIATED attitude is auto activated
Can one overcome implicit bias?
Yes, IF
1) Motivation
2) opportunity
What is implicit bias?
EFFECT of an attitude. One is unaware of the effect not the attitude itself.
Implicit Association Test: What drives it?
De Houwer 2001 demonstrated 2 types of assocations, what are they?
“ease of associating two concepts”
1) Category membership (Tulip is a flower)
2) Individual exemplar (tulip is +)
What is the main point of the ambiguity of IAT labels?
People find different things pleasent or unpleasent.
IAT category
What did Han, Czellar, Olson & Fazio (2010) find about Cultural vs. personal IAT categories.
When personal, less effect, lower IAT sscores.
How is response mapping a problem on the IAT?
You need to keep dual meaning of a key in mind.
For example: White-Good, White-bad, black-good, black-bad. Alliteration might favor black-bad, but when worse and better, black-better sounds better
Would you be faster due to alliteration? Who knows, results not published.
What do you do when forced into an response mapping situation that is not easy for you (example: Peanuts/pleasent for allergy or black/unpleasent for someone not racist).
Use extrapersonal info (The cultural stereotype, what it’s like for other people).
Thus: IAT contaminated by extrapersonal associations.
What are these pesky extrapersonal associations messing up the IAT?
Info that doesn’t contribute to individual’s personal evaluation
Info irrelevant to apporach-avoidance decisions.
Why Dr. Fazio is not eating a peanut.
Which test discourages extrapersonal associations?
Personalized IAT (vs. Traiditonal)
This one has “I like”/”Don’t” like instead of pleasent and unpleasent, less consentual stimlui (ex: running instead of love), and no error feedback
Results: Personalized = less negativity towards black people. faster with black/- but reduced when the labels were personalized
What is a famous example of a personalized vs. Traditional IAT?
Apples and Candy
No relation between IAT scores and choosing candy, although IAT had apple preference
But! Personalized, like the candy.
And their behavioral intention, feeling thermometer, ranking, composition, all that, correclated with the personalized one, not the traditional one
How can you improve the IAT?
Make it personalized.
Is extrapersonal association always restircted to culture?
No.
For example, your hypothetical racist Uncle Joe
When Dr. Fazio make Pokemon clearly good and bad and then had them look at his son’s opinions and rate their intelligence, what happened?
What happened with the subsequent IAT?
If consistent, rated them as better.
If inconsistent, rated them as less sensible, rational, etc.
IAT. High Numbers = Shelder better
Personalized IAT: all thought Shelder better regardless. Same with consistent traditional.
BUT! Traditional + Inconsistent = Metapod better.
Karpinski & Steinman (2006)
Wigboldus, Holland & van Knippenberg (2006)
How did these people get over the problem of the IAT requiring contrast categories (demo vs. repub, coke vs. pepsi)?
Single-Category IAT
3 classes of stimuli: +, - , target category
Single target with + and -
Examples: I like public speaking or I don’t
What happened in the personalized IAT public speaking experiment?
WHY DID THIS HAPPEN?
Met Social Anxiety criteria
Massed exposure therapy
Subjective Units of Distress rating.
SUDS declined from pre to sessions to post.
BUT! Follow up with camera or audience, jumps up a bit.
measure: Personal report of confidence as speaker (PRCS). Those decline a lot from pre to post, jump a little at follow up
PIAT Scores: did intially decrease pre to post
HOWEVER: likelihood of return fear, administer personalize IAT. Predicts return of fear
Regression: Final SUDS sig anticipatory SUDS for follow up camera speech as does PIAT, but not PRCS
Post treatment PIAT correlates with return of fear and predicted relapse one month later.
WHY: benefit exposure therapy, but all they did was learn to CONTROL the fear, the fear itself was still there.
Implication: For some, improvement = attitude change. Others, no attitude change, just control. Implicit measures can measure treatment effectivenes
IAT can be improved by what steps?
- Ensure association you measure is one of interest
- If attitude, use personalized. If cultural, use “people like/don’t”
- Is the interest a relative preference? Obvious contrast?
Example: Goal is to measure student’s math ability, multiple tests on different days. To test a teacher, look at average among a lot of students. To see if racist, test multiple interactions with black people. Community is racist? Look at thousands of IAT
Hehman Flake and Calanchini 2017
Core based statistical areas (CBSAs)
Geographic area define by US gov as at least 10k people
look at cities with large universities
Lethal force: % living in CBSA black - % killed with lethal force who were balck.
12% vs. 23%
Found correlation between disporportionate use of force and sociological IAT
