11/14/24 Effects of Cognition on Affect- ADD READINGS

Question 1

What is perceptual fluency?

How does perceptual fluency happen?

Answer 1

Ease of processing

Happens via Familiarity: the more familiar something is, the easier it is to process the information.

Question 2

False Fame Effect

Answer 2

Illustrates perceptual fluency

famous names other nonfamous names. People read them alloud, then asked to classify names from list list and new names as famous or not. Old nonfamous names more likely to be misjudged as famous.

Familiar = famious, seems logical

Question 3

What is the Illusory Truth (or Validity) effect?

Answer 3

Familiarity = Truth

More true, and less bad

Question 4

What experiment illustrates the illusory truth (or validity) effect?

Answer 4

Statements like “John Wayne born in Indiana” “Taylor Swift went to jail at 16.”

Pretest: True or false scale 1-7. mostly 3-5, people didn’t know.

Ratings of each statement: validity and familiarity

Then: 1-5 weeks later, some repeated, some not.

Results:

Familiarity more from repeated statements (you’d expect) BUT! more validity for repeated statements too.

Question 5

Zajonc’s Mere Exposure: Define it.

Answer 5

Familiarity breeds liking and repeated exposure enhances liking

(why you like music you hear over and over again)

Question 6

Zajonc’s Turkish Words/Chinese Ideographs Experiment

Answer 6

Presented with words 1,2,5,10,25 times. Then judge the meaning.

When you see it more, you give higher affective rating. Familiarity = liking.

Also did newspaper experiment where they put add in newspaper and then saw the same effect when kids in classes were asked to evaluate the words.

Question 7

What is the mechanism for the mere exposure hypothesis?

Answer 7

Two-step attributional account based on perceptual fluency.

Perceptual fluency- ease of processing, repeated exposure enhances fluency

Fluency misattributed to liking the stimulus.

First step: Repeated exposure makes it easier to process
Second step: if it is easy to process, I must like it.

Question 8

Reber et al. 1998

If 2-step mechanism is correct, you should be able to manipulate perceptual fluency directly and affect liking

Exp 1: Contour priming. Describe it.

Answer 8

Lines of common objects. on all trials, see contour for 25 ms that matches or doesn’t

Matching prime: pressed space bar faster to show they recognized it.

judgment: how pretty is the picture? Matching primes were prettier

Question 9

Reber et al. 1998

Experiment 2: Contrast

Answer 9

Maniuplated degree of contrast between foreground and background.

Higher contrast (easier to see) = more fluency. If easier to process, I’ll think it’s prettier.

Results confirm.

Conclusion: perceptual fluency does enhance liking. Mere exposure effect occurs because repetition enhances fluency, when then enhances liking.

Question 10

Interpretation of arousal state determines

Answer 10

Emotion Experience

Arousal due to one source misattributed to another source, alters emotional experience. Dissonance and pill

Question 11

Name 5 COGNTION effects on AFFECT

Answer 11

1. Perceptual Fluency
2. Interpretation of arousal state = emotion experienced
3. Arousal due to one source can be misattributed to another
4. Interpretation function of construct accessibility
5. Counterfactual that is generated determines outcomes apprasial and emotioanl reaction

Question 12

Schachter and Singer’s two factor theory

Answer 12

Emotion = arousal x cognitive cues

Epinephrine injection = emotion experienced

Question 13

Zanna & Cooper’s Dissonance and Pill

Answer 13

Insomniacs do better when told the pill will keep them up than when told it will help relax them. Gives them something to attribute insomnia to.

Counter attitudinal essay = cognitive dissonance. Told drug has arousal side effect. Reason feeling like this not becaues of what you did, but the drug you took.

Question 14

Zillmann’s Theory of Excitation Transfer

What effect did they find?

Answer 14

Arousal to new stimulus.

1st: humorous, 2nd: horror movie

Temporal effect: at first, fully aware of source of arousal, but might be point in time where they experience residual arousal/excitation not aware that it stems from first exposure. During that point in time that people feel more intense response to a second emotional cue

Question 15

Sinclair et al. 1994

Resting pulse rate experience: what were they studying?

Answer 15

Residual excitation.

Tell experimenter when return to baseline after arousal. People report back to normal after 3 minutes, but it actually takes 5.5 minutes.

That time between 3-5.5 seconds is “residual excitation” when we are prone to experiencing intense reaction to 2nd stimulus.

Question 16

Interpretation of arousal –> emotion works as function of

construct accessibility

What is it?

Sinclair et al. 1994

Answer 16

Construct accessibility is what happens during this period if what is accessible in memory is certain kinds of info.

Aim: examine interpreation of residual arousal from exercise as function of accessibility of + vs. - constructs.

Scramble sentences +, -, or neutral.

Unrelated study of excercise for 2 minutes.

Immediate or delayed rating of emotional state. (Delay: sit until return to baseline).

Immediate: affect was the same no matter what prime.

Delay = Residual excitation. Postive was more +, - was more negative.

Key is timing. You need to get people to the arousal point without any explanation for why, then they disambiguate into accessible constructs.

Question 17

Strahan et al. 2002

Thrist Experiment

Answer 17

Researchers curious why we have effects of subliminal priming, but not subliminal persuasion. Why? Subliminal priming effects behavior only under specific situations.

Ps asked not to eat or drink 3 hours before session then taste test dry cookies.

Thirst manipulation: drink as much water as they want, or receive no water.

Primed in “unrelated” lexical task with thirst or no thirst primes.

Then able to taste test two beverages. Told they can drink as much as they want.

Results:

Thrist primes AND thristy drink way more than other three groups.

Not thirsty primed will drink, but not much more.

Question 18

What is Counterfactual’s effect on emotional reaction?

Answer 18

The alternative we most easily imagine

Why Bronze is better than silver.

Question 19

McMullen & Markman’s 2002 follow up to counterfactual thought experiment. What did they find?

Answer 19

Early vs. final outcomes

Early outcomes, you think of what might have been and gives you hope. It’s not over until it’s over.

Basketball games: 1st or 2nd half: Close or blowout at final or half time.

3-way interaction.

Second half (FINAL): Way happier if you won regardless, but happier if you’re a winner by a point, happier if loser but blowout

Halftime: prefer blowout if fan of winner (assurance) and one point if fan of loser (hope).

Question 20

Berger and Pope (2011) Looking a % of games won by home team by halftime score difference

Answer 20

Regression equation to each portion data: ahead or behind and half time.

Discontinuity: lines didn’t match. Better behind by a few than ahead by a few. Even without discontinuity, see point above regression line.

When teams behind, general counterfactual, more likely they will win.

Down at half time win 5.8-8% points more than expected, about half the size of home court advantage.

Question 21

Berger and Pope 2011 replicating basketball game effect in lab

What was the moderator?

Answer 21

Competition game. Press a and b quickly. Each time, you get point.

Halftime: told -50, -1, tied, or 1 point ahead.

2nd half: way more effort in the -1 condition. You imagine you are so close.

Moderator: Self-efficacy

When slightly behind, more self-efficacy give way more effort than low self-efficacy. When slightly ahead, no difference.

More pronounced effect when believe they can do this, if not, emotions effected by counterfactual that comes to mind.