11/19/24 Effects of Affect on Cognition - ADD READINGS Flashcards
List the effects of affect on congition
- Motivated Social Cognition (self-serve bias, defensive processing, enhance when self-esteem threatened)
- Affect-congruent judgement (resolution of ambiguity, processing efficiency, valence congruency or emotion congruency).
- Affect as information (emotions = signals, determine extent of motivation, mood as input that informs task persistence, whether we want to keep going on a task).
- Affect as creativity
(1) Motivated Social Cognition
Sinclair 1999
Stereotype Activation and Inhibition
How did they show this?
Negatively criticize me, negative stereotype activated.
+ feedback from managers, thought manager’s skills the same.
BUT! negative feedback, said black manager less effective
Feel worse when negative feedback from white manager.
Describe Stereotype Activation
We think as response to perceptual cue. Access form memory, consequence of processing.
Now we talk about motivation. You categorize based on context. “Solo effect”: one woman in a room of men, the clothes you wear.
Sinclair 1999: Competing Stereotypes
Doctors black and white
DV: lexical decision task of words associated with docts and stereotype of black americans.
Praised or criticized by a black or white doctor (control group no feedback).
Faster time = more on the mind, accessible construct in memory.
Control baseline. Black stereotype way faster if black doctor gives negative feedback BUT way less when black doctor gives + feedback. Doctor stereotype way faster for black doctors with + feedback, but way slower when black doctor gave - feedback.
Process:
Motivated to think highly, inhibit black stereotype, promote doctor stereotype. vis versa when you don’t like the doctor.
Multiple categorizable people: context and motivation decides where they go.
When people are multicategorizable, what do we do?
Context and motivations.
ex: black/white doctor experiment
How does Affect-congruent judgement work?
Halberstadt 1995
Hint: what super cool way do they test for affect-congruent judgement?
Music!
Hapy or sad, hear list of homophones, happy or neutral, sad or neutral.
No happy effect, but more likely to identify sad words in sad condition vs. happy.
Point: Emotional state disambiguates info.
how does affect congruent judgement work?
Function of emotional congruency on processing efficiency or VALENCE congruence?
Niedenthal 1994
What did he do?
More music! Four word types: happy, positive, sad, negative
Faster to get happy words in happy condition, slower in sad.
NO INTERACTION WITH GENERALLY NON-EMOTIONAL + and - words. Faster for happy words in both of these.
Affect as information: what is the main idea here?
What we experience as emotion is actually signal about current state relative to current goal
Emotions differ in implications.
Happy = state is fine. Sad = corrective action needed. Anger = immediate response.
Also imply certainly or uncertainly
High certainty: anger, happy, disgust
Low certainty: fear, sad, hope
Emotion is valence AND certainty
Appraisal Emotion (affect as information)
Bodenhausen 1994
What did they say we needed to move past?
Move past valence. Congruency matters.
Exp 1: Happy: fine, sad: wrong, systematic, anger: quick heuistic.
Theory more likely to process thoughtfully if sad.
Exp 2: episode involving anger vs. sadness vs. mudane. in social perception of hispanic vs. contorl, athlete v. control.
More guilt in stereotype condition if you are angry, but less guilt in stereotype condition if sad.
!!! Stereotype condition: no influence or effect in sad or neutral. But in anger, it did.
More likely to go with stereotypes when you are angry, process information quickly.
Affect as information: Martin, Ward, 1993
Aim: Mood as input to task motivation. How to test?
Stop rule.
(if you remind people about weather before you ask about their life, no longer has effect. Not experiment, but example).
Argue: it’s not mood that = what process is deliberate, BUT what mood tells me about how I’m doing current objectives.
Stop rules: have I reached my goal? vs. Am I enjoying the task?
+ mood suggests keep going if enjoy, but stop if goal.
Also manipulate with humorous or sad movie clip
“Time to Stop”, faster if + mood
“Enjoy”, faster to stop if - mood. “Stop when no longer enjoy the task”.
Key: stop rule = effect of emotion on task motivation and persistence.
Affect and Creativity: follows from mood as output.
Isen 1987. How did she note this? 3 ways
Dunker candle.
Comedy film or math film? It was those that watched the comedy that solved the Dunker candle problem.
Also used Candy.
(Mower, atomic, foreign. What’s in common? Power!)
Didn’t matter when questions were hard or easy, but when they were medium difficulty, you see that more people in candy group get correct questions
Also checked emotion vs. arousal.
Positive = comedy film. Excerise = arousal, but no emotion. Control.
All moderate difficulty words. Comedy film had sig more correct than other words.
it’s emotion, not just arousal.
How did Hirt 1996 show effects of mood on creativity via *velten mood induction paradigm? *
40 statements: “I feel amazing” “the sun is yellow” “No matter how hard I try, it gets worse”
Get more and more + or -, obvious what is happening, then similarities and differences between pairs of tv shows.
Creative: unique (fewer than 5 or 194 participants) but sensible by 2 judges.
More creative responses in positive condition
HIggins 1997’s Regulatory Focus Theory.
What is it and how does it connect to creativity?
Promotion focus: motivated to attain gains, concerned with opportunities, advancing beyond status quo.
Prevention focus: motivated to avoid losses, concern with security, maintiain status quo
Promotion = creative
Prevention = impaired creative
How did Friedman and Forster 2001 demonstrate Higgin’s 1997 regulatory focus theory?
Promotion maze: help mouse find cheese
Prevention: mouse escape owl
Then write down what you can do with a brick.
DV: # responses, average creativity, and number of responses with high creativity scores
**Same total number of uses, BUT! average creativity and number of creative uses were increased. **
Promotion focus = increased creativity
