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AQA A Level Biology (Chapters 1-13) > 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4: Carbs + biological molecules > Flashcards

1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4: Carbs + biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Molecule

A

Consists of atoms, joined by bonds

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2
Q

Covalent bonds

A

electrons shared

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3
Q

Ionic bonds

A

electrons transferred

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4
Q

Intermolecular bonds

A

hydrogen + (F/O/N - all negavtive that H bonds with)

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5
Q

Polymerisation

A

Process where monomers join to form a polymer

covalent bonds

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6
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6

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7
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Add water and an enzyme to hydrolyse

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

A group of substances used as both energy sources and structural materials in organisms

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9
Q

Which elements in all carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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10
Q

Monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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11
Q

Disaccharides

A

sucrose, maltose, lactose

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12
Q

Maltose made from

A

2 x alpha glucose

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13
Q

Sucrose made from

A

alpha glucose and fructose

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14
Q

Lactose made from

A

alpha glucose and galactose

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15
Q

Hexose sugar

A

6 carbons atoms

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16
Q

Isomers

A

Monomers with the same chemical formulas but a different structure eg) alpha and beta glucose

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17
Q

Reducing sugars

A

glucose (alpha and beta), fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose

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18
Q

Non - reducing sugar

A

sucrose

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19
Q

Reducing sugars in terms of electrons

A

reduction = gain of electrons, donating

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20
Q

Non - reducing sugars in terms of electrons

A

can’t donate electrons

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21
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Polymers of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds which are formed by condensation reactions

22
Q

What are disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides formed by a condensation reaction

23
Q

Main polysaccharides

A

plants: starch, cellulose
animals: glycogen

24
Q

Starch has 2 different structural units

A

amylose, amylopectin

25
Q

Starch stored as

A

Intercellular grains in organelles called plastids

26
Q

Starch made from

A

glucose during photosynthesis

27
Q

Starch broken down

A

during respiration > energy

28
Q

Glycogen found in

A

the cytoplasm of animal cells

29
Q

Glycogen is a

A

storage carbohydrate

30
Q

Differences between starch and glycogen

A

glycogen has more branches

31
Q

Glycogen stored where

A

in large amounts in the liver and muscle cells

32
Q

Cellulose

A

A polysaccharide which is the most abundant organic polymer and is the main part of cell walls

33
Q

Cellulose characteristic

A

very strong so prevents cells from bursting from osmotic gain

34
Q

Cellulose structural feature

A

made up of long, straight chains of beta glucose
chains joined by hydogen bonds (weak)
= microfibrils

35
Q

Cell wall can function as a

A

a carbohydrate store

36
Q

Amylopectin chains

A

highly branched chains
side branches
glucose released quickly

37
Q

Amylose chains

A

unbranched chains
coiled structure
compact
good storage

38
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

Benedict’s test

39
Q

Benedict’s solution colour change

A

blue > brick red

40
Q

Iodine test

A

orange > blue/black

41
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine test

42
Q

Polymers

A

Large, complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers joined together

43
Q

Monomers

A

Small, basic molecular units

44
Q

Elements in all carbohydrates

A

C,H,O

45
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Two molecules join together by the formation of a new chemical bond and a water molecule is released when the bond is formed

46
Q

Bond between 2 monosaccharides formed

A

glycosidic bond

47
Q

Main energy storage material in plants

A

starch

48
Q

Main energy storage material in animals

A

glycogen

49
Q

How is glycogen’s structure helpful

A

loads of side branches
stored glucose can be released quickly
very compact
good for storage

50
Q

Cellulose provides

due to

A

structural support

micro fibrils

AQA A Level Biology (Chapters 1-13) (50 decks)

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