10.8 Circulatory System Disorders Flashcards
what is CVD
cardiovascular disease; leading cause of death in western countries
atheroclosis
- accumulation of plaque material beneath inner lingings of arteries
- plaque cause platelets to adhere to irregular arterial wall forming a clot
define thrombus, embolus, thromboembolism
thrombus: stationary clot
embolus: clot that becomes dislodged and moves along blood
thromboembolism: clot carried in the bloodstream now lodged in a blood vessel
hypertension
-high blood pressure
why is hypertension known as the “silent killer”
may not be detected until a stroke of heart attack occurs
-most often secondary to a narrowing of a persons arteries from arthersclerosis
name medications used to treat hypertension
- diuretics: reduce blood volume by increasing urine output
- vasodilators: dilate the blood vessel
- various drugs
what causes heart valve dieases
-stenosis of the aortic valve opening following prolapse of the bicuspid mitral AV valve abnormally thick “leaflets” that protrude back into the left ventricle
how can defective heart valves be replaced
- threading compact artificial valve through artery in leg
- artificial valves or pig/human valve
cerebrovascular accident
stroke; arteriole in the brain burst or is blocked my embolus
- lack of oxygen can cause portion of brain to die, paralysis, death
- forewarned by numbness in hands/face, difficulty speaking, temp blindness in one eye
angina pectoris
coronary artery partially blocked
- squeezing/burning sensation
- part of heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen
myocardial infarction
heart attack
flow of blood to heart blocked, corony artery
aneurysm
ballooning of blood vessel (abdominal aorta or arteries leading to the brain)
-atherosclerosis and hypertension can weaken walls of artery to the point in which an aneursym developes
what happens if a major artery like the aorta bursts
die before reaching hospital
-possible to replace damaged or diseased portion of vessel (artery) with synthetic graft
, wireless sensors can be implanted to monitor changes in pressure or that aneurysm about to burst/develop
what is the coronary bypass operation
segment from another blood vessel is stitched to aorta and stitched to coronary artery past the point of obstrcution
-if veins used must be placed in reverse orientation because valves
what is angioplasty
threading a catheter into artery in groin or upper part of arm and guiding it through a major blood vessel towards the heart, once at region of plaque in artery, balloon inflated forcing the vessel open, remove tube
how is a stent used in angioplasty
stent can be placed in the arteries, balloon inside inflating it, locking it in place
how is thromboembolism treated
use of tissue plasminogen activator: enzyme that dissolved blood clot that turned plasminogen into plasmin (enzyme that dissolves blood clots)
what are the disadvantages of plasminogen activator:
also used for thrombolytic stroke patients
-limited success because some ppl experience life threatening bleeding in the brain
if a person has symptoms of angina pectoris or an cerebrovascular accident, why might aspirin be perscribed?``
aspirin reduces stickiess of platelets and lowers probability of clot forming
what is the LVAD
left ventricle assist device;
implanted in the abdomen, may help patients waiting for a transplant
-tube passes blood from left ventricle to the device which pumps it into aorta, cable passes the device through skin to external battery the patient totes around
describe a total artificial heart transplant
AbioCor
- internal battery and controller regulate pumping speed
- external battery powers the device by passing electricity through skin
- rotating centrifugal pump moves silicon hydraulic fluid between left and right sacs to force blood out of the heart into the pulonary trunk and the aorta
how can you prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases
- exercise: minimize stress, reduce hypertension
- keep anxiety and stress levels low
- don’t smoke
- dont drink alcohol
what factors increase your risk of cardiovascular diseases
- smoking:nicotine causes arterioles to constrict which increases blood pressure
- obesity: have more tissue that need to be supplied w blood, heart pumps blood out under greater pressure
- drug abuse: stimulants cause irregular heartbeats can lead to heart attacks
what is atherosclerotic plaque
irreguar accumulation of cholestrol and fat
-when present in coronary artery, a heart attack is more likely to occur bc of resticted blood flow
