10.8 Circulatory System Disorders

Question 1

what is CVD

Answer 1

cardiovascular disease; leading cause of death in western countries

Question 2

atheroclosis

Answer 2

• accumulation of plaque material beneath inner lingings of arteries
• plaque cause platelets to adhere to irregular arterial wall forming a clot

Question 3

define thrombus, embolus, thromboembolism

Answer 3

thrombus: stationary clot
embolus: clot that becomes dislodged and moves along blood
thromboembolism: clot carried in the bloodstream now lodged in a blood vessel

Question 4

hypertension

Answer 4

-high blood pressure

Question 5

why is hypertension known as the “silent killer”

Answer 5

may not be detected until a stroke of heart attack occurs

-most often secondary to a narrowing of a persons arteries from arthersclerosis

Question 6

name medications used to treat hypertension

Answer 6

• diuretics: reduce blood volume by increasing urine output
• vasodilators: dilate the blood vessel
• various drugs

Question 7

what causes heart valve dieases

Answer 7

-stenosis of the aortic valve opening following prolapse of the bicuspid mitral AV valve abnormally thick “leaflets” that protrude back into the left ventricle

Question 8

how can defective heart valves be replaced

Answer 8

• threading compact artificial valve through artery in leg

- artificial valves or pig/human valve

Question 9

cerebrovascular accident

Answer 9

stroke; arteriole in the brain burst or is blocked my embolus

• lack of oxygen can cause portion of brain to die, paralysis, death
• forewarned by numbness in hands/face, difficulty speaking, temp blindness in one eye

Question 10

angina pectoris

Answer 10

coronary artery partially blocked

• squeezing/burning sensation
• part of heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen

Question 11

myocardial infarction

Answer 11

heart attack

flow of blood to heart blocked, corony artery

Question 12

aneurysm

Answer 12

ballooning of blood vessel (abdominal aorta or arteries leading to the brain)
-atherosclerosis and hypertension can weaken walls of artery to the point in which an aneursym developes

Question 13

what happens if a major artery like the aorta bursts

Answer 13

die before reaching hospital
-possible to replace damaged or diseased portion of vessel (artery) with synthetic graft
, wireless sensors can be implanted to monitor changes in pressure or that aneurysm about to burst/develop

Question 14

what is the coronary bypass operation

Answer 14

segment from another blood vessel is stitched to aorta and stitched to coronary artery past the point of obstrcution
-if veins used must be placed in reverse orientation because valves

Question 15

what is angioplasty

Answer 15

threading a catheter into artery in groin or upper part of arm and guiding it through a major blood vessel towards the heart, once at region of plaque in artery, balloon inflated forcing the vessel open, remove tube

Question 16

how is a stent used in angioplasty

Answer 16

stent can be placed in the arteries, balloon inside inflating it, locking it in place

Question 17

how is thromboembolism treated

Answer 17

use of tissue plasminogen activator: enzyme that dissolved blood clot that turned plasminogen into plasmin (enzyme that dissolves blood clots)

Question 18

what are the disadvantages of plasminogen activator:

Answer 18

also used for thrombolytic stroke patients

-limited success because some ppl experience life threatening bleeding in the brain

Question 19

if a person has symptoms of angina pectoris or an cerebrovascular accident, why might aspirin be perscribed?``

Answer 19

aspirin reduces stickiess of platelets and lowers probability of clot forming

Question 20

what is the LVAD

Answer 20

left ventricle assist device;
implanted in the abdomen, may help patients waiting for a transplant
-tube passes blood from left ventricle to the device which pumps it into aorta, cable passes the device through skin to external battery the patient totes around

Question 21

describe a total artificial heart transplant

Answer 21

AbioCor

• internal battery and controller regulate pumping speed
• external battery powers the device by passing electricity through skin
• rotating centrifugal pump moves silicon hydraulic fluid between left and right sacs to force blood out of the heart into the pulonary trunk and the aorta

Question 22

how can you prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases

Answer 22

• exercise: minimize stress, reduce hypertension
• keep anxiety and stress levels low
• don’t smoke
• dont drink alcohol

Question 23

what factors increase your risk of cardiovascular diseases

Answer 23

• smoking:nicotine causes arterioles to constrict which increases blood pressure
• obesity: have more tissue that need to be supplied w blood, heart pumps blood out under greater pressure
• drug abuse: stimulants cause irregular heartbeats can lead to heart attacks

Question 24

what is atherosclerotic plaque

Answer 24

irreguar accumulation of cholestrol and fat

-when present in coronary artery, a heart attack is more likely to occur bc of resticted blood flow