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Year 11 second half > biology part 2, biology harder > Flashcards

biology part 2, biology harder Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis

A

Most body cells have two copies of each chromosome

We describe these cells as diploid

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2
Q

mitosis proceses

A

They have DNA
it gets replicated
They split

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3
Q

What is mitosis important for

A

replacing cells

Allowing growth

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4
Q

stem cells

A

Many tissues in the human body contain a small number of unspecialised cells called stem cells

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5
Q

importance of meiosis

A

Production of gametes e.g. sperm cells and egg cells, pollen grains and ovum
increases genetic variation of offspring

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6
Q

Mitosis in a nutsheel

A

two cells produced (daughter cells)
Daughter cells are diploid and identical to each other and the parent cell
One cell division occurs

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7
Q

meiosis in a nutshell

A

Four cells produced (daughter cells)
daughter cells are haploid, different from each other and the parent cell
Two cell divisions occur

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8
Q

Asexual reproduction

A 
Mitosis
Genetically identical
single organism can reproduce
No fusing gametes
quicker
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9
Q

sexual reproduction

A 
Meiosis 
Genetically diverse
Mate
Fusion of gametes 
diploid formed from 2 haploid 
Takes longer
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10
Q

What uses asexual reproducition

A

Spider plants
tubers
Bulbs

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11
Q

What does the fusion of gametes form

A

A zygote

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12
Q

what reproduction is more efficent

A

Asexual

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13
Q

define the term meiosis

A

cell division

chromosome number halved/diploid to haploid

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14
Q

State the name of the type of cell division that produces gametes

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

which cell is produced by meiosis

A

sperm

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16
Q

Define the term mitosis

A

cell division to give two identical cells

17
Q

two examples of when mitosis occurs

A

Asexual reproduction

Growth of tissue`

18
Q

What is produced when a cell undergoes mitosis once?

A

two new cells which are identical to each other and to their parent cell

19
Q

Flowers

A

the reproductive organ of the plant. Contains female and male reproductive parts
Produce pollen which contains a nucleus inside the is the male gamete

20
Q

how are plants pollenated

A

This process is known aspollinationand there are two main mechanisms by which it occurs: transferred byinsects(or other animals like birds) or transferred bywind
The structure of insect and wind-pollinated flowers are slightly different as each is adapted for their specific function

21
Q

Parts of the flower

A 
sepal
Petals 
anther
Stigma 
ovary
Ovule
22
Q

speal

A

Protects unopened flower

23
Q

anther

A

Produces and releases the male sex cell

24
Q

stigma

A

Top of the female part of the flower which collects pollen grains

25
Q

ovary

A

Produces the female sex cell (OVUM)

26
Q

Ovulee

A

Contains the female sex cells

27
Q

insect pollinated flowers:

A

Insect pollinated flowers producesmaller amountsoflarger, heavierpollen grains that often containspikes or hookson the outside so they are better able to stick to insects

28
Q

Wind pollinated flowers

A

producelarge amountsofsmall, lightweightpollen grains that are usuallysmooth

29
Q

When does fertilisation occur

A

when apollen nucleus fuses with an ovum nucleusin the ovule

30
Q

Pollination vs fertilisation

A

after sex, the male sex cells (sperm) have been deposited into the female. But, for fertilisation to occur, the nucleus from a male sperm cell has to fuse with the nucleus of a female sex cell (egg) and the sperm has to travel to find the egg before this happens. It’s exactly the same in plants!

31
Q

Factors affecting germination

A

Water– allows the seed to swell up and the enzymes in the embryo to start working so that growth can occur
Oxygen– so that energy can be released for germination
Warmth– germination improves as temperature rises (up to a maximum) as the reactions which take place are controlled by enzymes

32
Q

does carbon dioxide make a difference for germination

A

No, it makes no difference

33
Q

Prostate gland

A

produces fluid called semen that provide sperm cells with nutrients

34
Q

Sperm duct

A

sperm passes through sperm duct to be mixed with fluids produced bu the glands before being passed into the urethra for ejaculation

35
Q

Urethra

A

tube running down the center of the penis that can carry out urine or semen.

36
Q

Testes

A

produces sperm, stored in scrotum

37
Q

penis

A

passes urine out of the body from the bladder

38
Q

Oviduct

A

connects to ovary to the uterus

Year 11 second half (42 decks)

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