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Urinary System > 10.2 Malignancy of the Urinary System > Flashcards

10.2 Malignancy of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the marker for prostate cancer?

A

PSA - Prostate Specific Antigen

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2
Q

What things can cause a PSA level to be elevated?

A

Cancer
Infection
Inflammation
Large prostate

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3
Q

How does prostate cancer often present?

A

Asymptomatic
Urinary symptoms
Bone pain

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4
Q

If prostate cancer is suspected after a digital rectal examination/raised PSA levels what can be done to confirm the diagnosis?

A

Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of prostate.

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5
Q

How can you treat prostate cancer?

A 
Surveillance.
Prostatectomy.
Radiotherapy.
Hormonal castration - LHRH agonists.
Palliative care.
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6
Q

What cancer is common in the bladder?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma.

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7
Q

What are some risk factors for bladder cancer?

A

Smoking
Occupational exposure - rubber/hydrocarbons/painters/mechanics
Schistosomiasis

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8
Q

What is a Tis stage transitional cell carcinoma?

A

Only in epithelium.

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9
Q

What does a Ta and T1 stage transitional cell carcinoma mean?

A

Superficial

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10
Q

What does a T2,T3 and T4 stage transitional cell carcinoma mean?

A

Muscle invasive

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11
Q

Where does renal cell carcinoma likely spread?

A

Perinephric
Lymph node
Via the IVC to the right atrium

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12
Q

Is it more likely for a kidney cancer to metastasise to the bladder or vice versa?

A

It is more likely for a kidney cancer to spread to the bladder.

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13
Q

How can renal cell carcinoma be treated?

A

Surveillance
Radical nephrectomy
Partial nephrectomy
If metastatic - palliative care

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14
Q

What group is testicular cancer common in?

A

Young men (aged 20-39)

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15
Q

Where does testicular cancer commonly spread?

A

Lungs

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16
Q

What are potential differential diagnoses for a testicular swelling?

A

Varicocoele
Haematocoele
Tumour

17
Q

How can testicular cancer present?

A

Swelling
Lump
Pain
Gyanecomastia

18
Q

How is testicular cancer treated?

A

Orchiectomy

Adjuvant chemo

19
Q

What is adjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Chemotherapy given after surgery in case of micro metastasis.

20
Q

What is neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Treatment given before surgery to shrink the tumour.

21
Q

What are some risk factors for prostate cancer?

A

Old age
Family history (BRCA2)
Ethnicity: Afro-Caribbean>Caucasian>Asian

Urinary System (21 decks)

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