02.1 Develpment

Question 1

How many kidney systems develop?

Answer 1

3 kidney systems develop.

Question 2

What marks the onset of the sequential development of the next kidney system?

Answer 2

The disappearance of the previous system.

Question 3

What is the first kidney system to develop?

Answer 3

Pronephros.

Question 4

Is the pronephros functional in humans?

Answer 4

No.

It’s duct drives the next stage of development.

Question 5

What is the cloaca?

Answer 5

The orifice that serves as the opening for the intestinal, urinary and reproductive tracts.

Question 6

What do the mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric duct make up?

Answer 6

Embryonic kidney.

Question 7

What induces the development of the definitive kidney?

Answer 7

Ureteric bud.

Question 8

What part of the kidney does the ureteric bud form?

Answer 8

Collecting duct.

Question 9

What part of the kidney does the metanephros form?

Answer 9

Parenchyma.

Question 10

How does the kidney move from the pelvic region to its final position?

Answer 10

Undergoes an apparent caudal to cranial shift as the trunk of the foetus elongates.
Blood vessels form and recede as it “climbs” the aorta.

Question 11

What is it called when a kidney fails to ascend?

Answer 11

Pelvic kidney.

Question 12

What can happen when the kidneys become too close together during their ascent from the pelvis to the abdomen?

Answer 12

Horseshoe kidney. The kidneys fuse and get stuck under the inferior mesenteric artery.

Question 13

What can lead to renal agenesis?

Answer 13

When the ureteric bud fails to interact with the metanephric cap.

Question 14

How can a duplication defect occur with the kidneys?

Answer 14

Splitting of the ureteric bud, leads to double stimulation.

Question 15

What can be a consequence of double stimulation of the kidneys?

Answer 15

Two ureters form at one kidney, this can cause an ectopic opening at the urethra or vagina which can cause incontinence.

Question 16

What is oligohydroamnios?

Answer 16

The decrease in amniotic fluid volume sufficient to cause deformations to the foetus.

Question 17

How does the urogenital sinus form?

Answer 17

Created by hind gut when the urorectal septum partitions the urogenital sinus from the rectum.

Question 18

What is the urogenital sinus continuous with?

Answer 18

Umbillicus via the urachus.

Question 19

What are the three parts to the urogenital sinus?

Answer 19

Phallic
Pelvic
Bladder

Question 20

What forms the ureters in males and females?

Answer 20

Ureteric bud.

Question 21

What forms the vas deferens in males?

Answer 21

Mesonephric duct.

Question 22

What are the four parts to the male urethra and which part of the urogenital sinus does each originate from?

Answer 22

Preprostatic - pelvic part
Prostatic - pelvic part
Membranous - pelvic part
Spongy - phallic part

Question 23

Which part of the urogenital sinus forms the female urethra?

Answer 23

Pelvic part.

Question 24

What is hypospadias?

Answer 24

In males where the urethral folds don’t fuse so the urethra opens onto the ventral surface of the penis instead of at the end of the glans.

Question 25

Which part of the mesoderm does the urinary system develop from?

Answer 25

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 26

What marks the onset of the sequential development of the next kidney system?

Answer 26

The disappearance of the previous system.