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Module 2 - Biology > 10.1 - Nucleotides > Flashcards

10.1 - Nucleotides Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A
  • Pentose sugar
  • Base (nitrogenous bases)
  • Phosphate group (negatively charged)
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2
Q

Elements in nucleotides?

A
  • Phosphorus
  • Nitrogen
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
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3
Q

Draw a diagram of a single nucleotide

A

…

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4
Q

What do nucleotides do?

A

Used to form DNA and RNA

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5
Q

Differences between general structure of nucleotides in DNA and RNA?

A

Sugar in DNA: deoxyribose
Sugar in RNA: ribose

Base in DNA: Thymine used
Base in RNA: Thymine not used. Replaced by uracil.

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6
Q

Difference between deoxyribose and ribose sugar?

A

Deoxyribose sugar has one less oxygen atom

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7
Q

Bases in DNA:

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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8
Q

Which bases have a double ring structure?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
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9
Q

What are bases with double ring structure called?

A

Purines

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10
Q

What are bases with a single ring structure called?

A

Pyrimidines

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11
Q

What bases have a single ring structure?

A
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
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12
Q

Where does reaction occur to form polynucleotide?

A

Between phosphate group (on 5th carbon) of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group (on carbon 3 of pentose sugar) of the other.

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13
Q

Name of bond between two nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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14
Q

What type of reaction forms a phosphodiester bond?

A

Condensation (as water is produced).

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15
Q

Two nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond?

A

dinucleotide

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16
Q

Examples of polynucleotides?

A

RNA and DNA

17
Q

Other name for polynucleotides?

A

Nucleic acids

18
Q

About the phosphate group?

A

Inorganic molecule that is acidic and slightly negatively charged

19
Q

About the nitrogenous base?

A

Complex organic molecule containing two or more carbon rings in structure as well as nitrogen.

20
Q

Role of phosphodiester bonds?

A

Form a strong, long sugar-phosphate ‘backbone’ with a base attached to each sugar.

21
Q

Structure of DNA:

A

Two strands of polynucleotides coiled into helix. Known as DNA double-helix.

22
Q

How are the two strands of double helix joined together?

A

Hydrogen bonds between bases.

23
Q

How do bases join?

A

Base on one strand is complementary to bases on the other strand

24
Q

Result of pyrimidine bases linking with Purine bases?

A

The distance between sugar-phosphate backbone is constant. Result in parallel nucleotide chains.

25
Q

How are the two polynucleotide strands in DNA antiparallel?

A

Run in opposite directions.

26
Q

How do polynucleotide strands run in opposite directions?

A

On the left, the carbon 5 is at the top and carbon 3 (-OH) is at the bottom.
On the right, the carbon 3 (-OH)is at the top and the carbon 5 is at the bottom.

27
Q

Guanine and Cytosine hydrogen bonds?

A

Form 3 hydrogen bonds

28
Q

Adenine and Thymine hydrogen bonds?

A

Form 2 hydrogen bonds

29
Q

What is the result of complementary bases?

A

Proportion of Adenine to Thymine is always the same.

Proportion of Guanine to Cytosine is always the same.

Can calculate proportions of different nucleotides.

30
Q

20% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA contain base guanine. What are the proportions of the other bases?

A

Guanine: 20%
Cytosine: 20%
Thymine: 30%
Adenine: 30%

31
Q

What does pairing between bases allow for?

A

copied and transcribed - key properties of heredity.

32
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

Chromosomes in the nucleus

33
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

Cytoplasm

34
Q

Role of RNA?

A

In protein synthesis

35
Q

Difference between length of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA: long molecule
RNA: relatively short molecule

36
Q

Difference between structure of DNA and RNA?

A

RNA: One polynucleotide strand
DNA: Two polynucleotide strands in double helix

37
Q

What happens to RNA molecules after protein synthesis?

A

Degraded in cytoplasm - the phosphodiester bonds are hydrolysed in the cytoplasm. RNA nucleotides released and reused.

38
Q

Bonding of uracil to adenine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

Module 2 - Biology (15 decks)

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